Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Although extensively studied, the association between antimicrobial usage and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock still has unresolved aspects. This study analyzed the genomes of 195 Escherichia coli strains from pigs, a species with high antimicrobial consumption, across five production stages on 13 farms in Japan employing diverse antimicrobial administration strategies. A total of 61 acquired AMR genes (aARGs), spanning 13 distinct antimicrobial classes, were identified. A significant correlation was found between antimicrobial usage and the number of aARGs in E. coli strains. The four farms with the highest usage administered antimicrobials orally as routine prophylaxis during fattening. These farms showed significantly higher proportions of multidrug-resistant (MDR) genotypes at all stages compared to farms without routine prophylaxis. The number of frequently detected aARGs was more strongly correlated with total antimicrobial usage than with the usage of the corresponding antimicrobial classes. Co-occurrence network analysis suggested that genetic linkages among these aARGs may promote co-selection, thereby acting as a driving force in the emergence of MDR strains under routine prophylaxis treatment.

DOI： 10.1038/s44259-025-00130-2

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Two studies were conducted on the relationship between ruminal mat consistency (RMC) and (1) calf mortality or (2) immunity. Assessment of RMC was by ten repeated manual compressions of the middle rumen; good-RMC showed no fluid bounce-back (FBB), while poor-RMC showed FBB. The first study examined whether RMC affected calf mortality. Monthly feeding management guidance (FMG) was implemented for 5 years on a commercial farm with Holstein-Friesian × Japanese black calves, directing increased forage consumption for poor-RMC calves aged 50-180 days. Compared to 35 control farms, the FMG period showed significantly lower total mortality (3.8% vs. 0.8%, P < 0.001, OR = 4.7) and lower respiratory mortality (2.3% vs. 0.1%, P < 0.001, OR = 18.3). The second study tested the hypothesis that RMC affects calf immunity. Peripheral blood of good-RMC (n = 6) and poor-RMC (n = 6) calves was compared. Good-RMC showed higher phagocytosis in monocytes (P = 0.05, r = 0.63) and granulocytes (P = 0.02, r = 0.78), and higher numbers of CD4 + (P = 0.07, r = 0.58), CD8 + (P = 0.07, r = 0.60), and B-cells (P = 0.03, r = 0.62). In mRNA expression, good-RMC showed lower TNF-α (P = 0.02, r = 0.70), IL-1 (P = 0.09, r = 0.49), IL-12 (P = 0.04, r = 0.59) and IL-10 (P = 0.13, r = 0.44), and higher IL-16 (P = 0.07, r = 0.53) compared to poor-RMC. These results suggest that RMC affects calf mortality and immunity, emphasizing the importance of feeding management in improving sustainability.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-025-02398-w

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The calving interval (CI) is an important determinant of reproductive performance in Japanese Black cattle. The present study aimed to compare individual fertility traits among farms classified by CI. In total, 49,780 artificial insemination (AI) records for 7327 cows from 2011 to 2014 were obtained from 622 farms located in Miyazaki, Japan. The farms were classified into three groups (referred to as farm CI groups) using the lower and upper 25 percentiles of farm CI as thresholds. The mean CI of individual cows was 403.5 ± 70.9 days. The interquartile ranges of CI for individual cows were 49 days for short CI farms and 114 days for long CI farms. The interval between calving and the first AI was associated with farm CI group and parity (p < 0.05) but not with calving season and gestation length. The conception rate (CR) at the first AI in cows on long CI farms decreased as the interval from calving to the first AI decreased (p < 0.05). Additionally, no differences in CR among farm CI groups were observed for AI number ≥ 4. In long CI farms, cows with two AI treatments had longer interservice intervals than those for AI values of 3 and ≥ 4 (p < 0.05). In summary, fertility characteristics for long CI farms differed from those of farms with short or middle CI, and standard operating procedures need to be improved to decrease the CI.

DOI： 10.1111/rda.70058

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This study investigated the effects of parity, season, and the previous lactation's milk yield on fertility in dairy cows. A total of 5,514 calving records for Holstein cows that calved between 2016 and 2018 on a single large dairy farm in Japan were used for analysis. The proportion of cows that get pregnant by 360 days after calving was defined as the percentage of all cows eligible for breeding that became pregnant. In the all-cow model, pregnancy probability associated with both parity and calving season (p < 0.05). Pregnancy probability decreased with an increase in parity, with hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.75 (1.58-1.94) for parity 1, 1.25 (1.13-1.39) for parity 2, 1.15 (1.04-1.29) for parity 3, and 1.13 (1.00-1.27) for parity 4, relative to parity ≥5. In terms of calving season, the lowest pregnancy probability was found in spring, and the HRs relative to spring were 1.16 (1.07-1.26) for summer, 1.35 (1.24-1.47) for autumn, and 1.17 (1.07-1.27) for winter. In the multiparous-cow model, pregnancy probability associated with the previous lactation's milk yield (p < 0.05), but not with parity or calving season. Cows with high and middle previous milk yields had lower pregnancy probabilities than those with low milk yields.

DOI： 10.1111/asj.13998

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We aimed to characterize the change in the incidence of stillbirth (IS) in Japanese Black cattle during and after animal movement restrictions and suspended insemination because of a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak in Miyazaki Prefecture in 2010. Calving data from 2006 to 2018 were collected from approximately 900 farms. Post-FMD period was divided into three based on the median IS per month (1.80%): period 1 (May 2011 to February 2013), period 2 (March 2013 to August 2015), and period 3 (September 2015 to December 2018). The ISs were similar during the Pre-FMD period and Post-FMD period 1, then substantially decreased during Post-FMD period 2 (p < .05), before returning to the value before the FMD outbreak period during Post-FMD period 3. Compared with the Pre-FMD period, Post-FMD period 1 was associated with a higher proportion of calvings by primiparous cows and Post-FMD period 2 was associated with a smaller number of calvings per month (p < .05). There were high ISs in primiparous cows during the Pre-FMD period, Post-FMD period 1, and Post-FMD period 3 (p < .05), but not during Post-FMD period 2. In summary, after the animal movement restrictions and suspended insemination introduced because of the FMD outbreak, the IS temporarily decreased and consequently returned to the pre-FMD level.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0304867

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Wiley  

Abstract

In this study, we examined whether the frequency of exogenous oestrogen treatment affects the induction of artificial lactation and milk production. Furthermore, we analysed changes in milk components obtained from artificially lactating sows. Pseudopregnant induced by treatment with 30 mg of estradiol dipropionate (EDP) on Day 10 (Day 0 = the last day of estrus) were divided into three groups: those administered 5 mg of EDP once on Day 39 (n = 5), twice on Days 32 and 39 (n = 5) and three times on Days 25, 32 and 39 (n = 6). All animals were treated with prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) on Day 46 for induced lactation. Artificial lactation was induced in 66.7%–80.0% of sows, and the EDP treatment frequency before PGF_2α administration had no significant effect on either the induction rate of artificial lactation or the milk yield during the experimental period. The milk composition (levels of crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, lactose and immunoglobulin) did not differ among the groups. In conclusion, the number of EDP treatments prior to PGF_2α administration had no effect on either the efficiency of artificial lactation induction or milk production.

DOI： 10.1111/rda.14571

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：American Dairy Science Association  

This study aimed to determine the applicability of a tail-attached device in monitoring animal-based indicators (ABI) associated with changes in environmental conditions in calves through investigating the relationship between sensor-derived ABI and the temperature-humidity index (THI). Furthermore, to identify effective ABI indicative of heat stress status, sensor-derived ABI of calves under differing heat stress levels based on rectal temperature (RT) were compared. The tail-attached device, which is capable of measuring skin temperature (ST), activity intensity, and roll angle along the longitudinal axis of the tail at 3-min intervals, was attached to 99 preweaning female Holstein calves for an average of 4 wk (26.4 ± 6.8 d). After selecting data from mild to hot days (daily average THI of ≥55), physiological (daily maximum tail ST) and behavioral (daily average activity intensity, daily total lying time, and daily total body position change) ABI were computed, and their relationship with the daily average THI was determined using piecewise regression analysis. Additionally, during the hot season, RT of 20 randomly selected tested calves were measured thrice a week (every 2.4 ± 0.5 d), and a comparison was conducted between the ABI of calves with normal RT (<39.5°C) and those with high RT (≥39.5°C), utilizing data from days characterized by potential heat stress (daily average THI of ≥75). During the study, ambient temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%) were recorded every 10 min using an automatic digital data logger, from which the daily average THI was calculated. Piecewise regression analysis identified THI breakpoints of 73.6 for tail ST, 79.1 for average activity intensity, 72.3 for lying time, and 79.1 for position change. All the tested ABI tended to increase as THI increased, and this trend was pronounced in tail ST, activity intensity, and position change after the breakpoint. These 3 ABI were higher in calves with high RT compared with those with normal RT, whereas lying time shared similar values between the RT groups. Overall, these findings suggest that the tail-attached device can simultaneously monitor both physiological and behavioral ABI in calves, and among the ABI, tail ST, activity intensity, and position change are the effective ABI indicative of heat stress status.

DOI： 10.3168/jdsc.2023-0515

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The objective in the present study was to assess the ventral tail base surface temperature (ST) for the early detection of Japanese Black calves with fever. This study collected data from a backgrounding operation in Miyazaki, Japan, that included 153 calves aged 3-4 months. A wearable wireless ST sensor was attached to the surface of the ventral tail base of each calf at its introduction to the farm. The ventral tail base ST was measured every 10 min for one month. The present study conducted an experiment to detect calves with fever using the estimated residual ST (rST), calculated as the estimated rST minus the mean estimated rST for the same time on the previous 3 days, which was obtained using machine learning algorithms. Fever was defined as an increase of ≥1.0 °C for the estimated rST of a calf for 4 consecutive hours. The machine learning algorithm that applied was a random forest, and 15 features were included. The variable importance scores that represented the most important predictors for the detection of calves with fever were the minimum and maximum values during the last 3 h and the difference between the current value and 24- and 48-h minimum. For this prediction model, accuracy, precision, and sensitivity were 98.8%, 72.1%, and 88.1%, respectively. The present study indicated that the early detection of calves with fever can be predicted by monitoring the ventral tail base ST using a wearable wireless sensor.

DOI： 10.3390/ani13030469

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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In this study, we developed calving prediction models for 24-h and 6-h periods before calving using data on physiological (tail skin temperature) and behavioral (activity intensity, lying time, posture change, and tail raising) parameters obtained using a multimodal tail-attached device (tail sensor). The efficiencies of the models were validated under tethering (tie-stall) and untethering (free-stall and individual pen) conditions. Data were collected from 33 and 30 pregnant cattle under tethering and untethering conditions, respectively, from approximately 15 days before the expected calving date. Based on pre-calving changes, 40 features (8 physiological and 32 behavioral) were extracted from the sensor data, and one non-sensor-based feature (days to the expected calving date) was added to develop models using a support vector machine. Cross-validation showed that calving within the next 24 h under tethering and untethering conditions was predicted with a sensitivity of 97% and 93% and precision of 80% and 76%, respectively, while calving within the next 6 h was predicted with a sensitivity of 91% and 90% and precision of 88% and 90%, respectively. Calving prediction models based on the tail sensor data with supervised machine learning have the potential to achieve effective calving prediction, irrespective of the cattle housing conditions.

DOI： 10.3390/ani12162095

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The present study assessed the economic loss due to treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in Japanese Black calves that were introduced to a backgrounding operation from the age of 3 to 4 months until the age of 10 months. The data collected from a backgrounding operation in Miyazaki, Japan included the records of 2,690 animals entering the farm from 2013 to 2018. The treatment duration was defined as the number of days from the beginning to end of treatment. The cost of treatment was defined as the total cost of treatment during the treatment duration. The average incidence of BRD was 54.6%, and the relative frequency of calves that had BRD once, twice, and three or more times until they left the farm was 64.4%, 26.8%, and 8.8%, respectively (total recorded diagnoses of BRD: 2,494). Among the 2,494 recorded diagnoses, the average and median duration of treatment of BRD was 5.9 days and 3.0 days, respectively. The average and median cost of treatment was 7,767 and 5,600 Japanese yen, respectively. A prolonged duration of treatment and high cost of treatment were associated with BRD relapse, steers, and early stage of production (P<0.05). At the studied farm, the total cost of treatment during the 6-year study period was 19,658,988 yen, and the annual cost was approximately 3 million yen. In summary, the present study showed that BRD had a large economic impact in this backgrounding operation.

DOI： 10.1292/jvms.22-0178

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The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of herd size on stillbirth and dystocia rates; the relationships between herd size, calving season, parity, and gestation length in Japanese Black cattle were also explored. Data were collected for 41,184 calvings from 15,512 animals on 905 farms between 2006 and 2010. In this study, herds were classified into three groups based on size: small (1-10 cows), medium (11-50 cows), and large (≥51 cows). Herd size had an effect on the dystocia rate (p &lt; 0.05) but not the stillbirth rate. Additionally, interactions between herd size and gestation length were associated with the dystocia rate (p &lt; 0.05), and the dystocia rate was the highest in small herds, followed by medium and large herds for cows with a gestation length of 281-300 days, which is considered a pregnancy of normal duration. In summary, in Japanese Black cattle, there were different effects of herd size on the stillbirth rate and dystocia rates, as herd size was associated with the dystocia rate but not with the stillbirth rate.

DOI： 10.3390/ani12151994

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Calf mortality severely affects productivity in the beef industry. The present study was conducted to assess the calf mortality risk (CMR) in Japanese Black calves and investigate potential associations between calf/cow information and the CMR. Records for calves born between April 2006 and March 2010 were extracted from an existing database, which included production data on commercial cow-calf operations in Miyazaki, Japan. The study group comprised 40,462 calves born to 15,600 cows on 908 farms. Because calves on the studied farms were weaned at approximately 4 months of age, the calf records were collected from birth to 120 days. The CMR was calculated as the number of dead calves divided by the number of surviving calves. Mixed-effect multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to determine potential associations between the CMR and the factors hypothesized to influence that risk. CMR analyses were performed separately for the following production stages: days 0-30, days 31-60, days 61-90 and days 91-120 after birth. Of the 40,462 calves, 1465 died during days 0-120 after birth, and the CMR was 3.6 %. Of the 1465 dead calves, 35.9 % died within 10 days after birth. During the 0-30-day period, the CMR was associated with dam parity, calving status, gestation length, sex, birth season and twin births (P < 0.05), but not with the number of inseminations to conception. Low parity, dystocia, gestation lengths < 280 days and > 301 days, male calves, calves born in autumn and winter and twin births yielded higher CMRs. Low dam parity also yielded higher CMRs during the 31-60-day, 61-90-day and 91-120-day periods (P < 0.05), but no other factors were associated with the CMR during these periods. Thus, various cow and calf factors were shown to be associated with CMRs in Japanese Black calves, and calves with these factors should be considered high-risk calves.

DOI： 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105716

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The present study aimed to investigate the quantitative relationship between the number of cross-fostering (CF) piglets and subsequent productivity of sows. Data were obtained from seven commercial farms including 41,086 farrowing records. Sows were divided into those that fostered out three or more piglets (CF ≥ 3-), fostered out one or two piglets (CF1-2-), did not do CF (NCF), fostered in one or two piglets (CF1-2+), and fostered in three or more piglets (CF ≥ 3+). CF ≥ 3- sows had the lowest number of piglets weaned and the highest preweaning mortality rate, whereas CF ≥ 3+ sows had the second-lowest number of piglets weaned and the second-highest preweaning mortality rate (p < .05). The number of piglets weaned and preweaning mortality rate did not differ among CF1-2-, NCF, and CF1-2+ sows. CF ≥ 3+ sows had the lowest farrowing rate (p < .05). The number of piglets born alive at the subsequent parity was highest for CF ≥ 3- sows (p < .05), followed in order by CF1-2-, NCF, CF1-2+, and CF ≥ 3+ sows (p < .05). In summary, CF1-2- and CF1-2+ sows showed no decreases in productivity compared with NCF sows, whereas CF ≥ 3- and CF ≥ 3+ sows had reduced productivity.

DOI： 10.1111/asj.13752

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This study aimed to produce a Theileria-free grazing system for Holstein heifers reared on a dairy farm in the Hita area, Kyushu, Japan. In the grazing area, spreading of T. orientalis infection was confirmed in 2009. To eradicate the T. orientalis infection, four measures were conducted: 1) 7-year deferred grazing; 2) grazing only T. orientalis-uninfected heifers; 3) anemia check by red blood cell parameters at least once per month; and 4) protecting heifers from blood-sucking T. orientalis-infected ticks. Grazing was restarted in 2017 in the same area and continued to 2021. During last 2 years of pasturing (2020-2021) all of the 129 heifers were confirmed to be T. orientalis-free. In summary, it is possible to establish a T. orientalis-free grazing system by conducting appropriate measures.

DOI： 10.1292/jvms.21-0666

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

Repeat breeding (RB) has been defined as failure to conceive from three or more regularly spaced services in the absence of detectable abnormalities, and cause economic loss on the farm owing to a declining conception rate. This study aimed to evaluate the reproductive characteristics of RB in Japanese Black cattle by assessing the longitudinal effect of RB at a low parity on subsequent fertility raised in commercial cow-calf operations. Data used in this study were collected from 764 farms in Miyazaki. Data from 2005 until 2014 comprised 158,945 AI records with 80,453 parity records for 22,565 cows. The effect of RB at heifers and parities 1 and 2 cows on subsequent fertility and survival on four consecutive parities was investigated. The results showed that cows with the number of inseminations to conception (INS) of ≥4 at a low parity had a higher probability of being RB again at subsequent parities compared with cattle with INS 1 or 2. Additionally, the degree of the negative effect of an INS ≥4 on fertility and survival increased as they became older. On the other hand, cows with an INS of 2 had similar fertility and survival with those with an INS of 1. In summary, this study suggests that repeat breeders at a low parity have a higher probability of RB again at subsequent parities compared with cattle with INS 1 or 2, and the negative effect of an INS ≥4 increases as parity increases.

DOI： 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.05.016

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In Japan, many pig producers buy antimicrobials using veterinarians' prescriptions. Even if veterinarians prescribe antimicrobials for treatments and metaphylaxis, producers may be using them for prophylaxis on farms with a high incidence of chronic diseases. To reduce the frequency of antimicrobial use, we applied the concept of medication adherence and launched an intervention in eight farrow-to-finish farms. For the intervention farms, we attempted to implement measures for preventing the repeated onset of chronic infections that interfered with adherence, confirmed the need to continue medications, and discontinued medications if possible. For each farm, these interventions began at different time points after 2017 and continued until 2020. We evaluated the effectiveness of this intervention based on the amount of active ingredients/population correction unit and the total number of defined daily doses for the weight group/slaughter pig. The ratio of antimicrobial use for both indicators in the year 2020 compared with the start of the intervention decreased on all farms. Among the eight non-intervention farms, six showed an increase in both indicators. These results suggest that interventions for chronic diseases administered by producers and veterinarians lead to high adherence to prescriptions and responsible and prudent use of antimicrobials on pig farms.

DOI： 10.1111/asj.13713

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DOI： 10.1111/grs.12333

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DOI： 10.3390/dairy3040054

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Veterinary Medical Association  

We investigated the effect of both duration from vaccination to parturition in pregnant sows and colostral restriction during 6 h after birth for neonate piglets on the level of maternal antibodies for classical swine fever (CSF) vaccine in suckling piglets. In this study, piglets delivered from 3 pregnant sows vaccinated with CSF and 2 unvaccinated pregnant sows were used, and the serum CSF neutralizing antibody titeres in piglets with colostral restriction during the suckling period was significantly lower than those without the restriction. In the piglets with restricted colostrum intake, the group with a period from vaccination to parturition of 21 days had a significantly lower CSF antibody titer during the experimental period than the group of more than 161 days. The percentage of piglets testing positive for CSF antibodies was 0% at 14 and 21 days after birth in the group with short a short period (21 days) from vaccination to parturition and colostral restriction. Our results indicate that both of the timing of the initial vaccination of unimmunized pregnant sows and the restriction of colostrum have a clear effect on the level of maternal CSF antibodies in suckling piglets.

DOI： 10.12935/jvma.75.e180

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J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

CiNii Research

J-GLOBAL

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

When a large-scale epidemic of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) occurred in 2013 in Japan, feedback feeding (feeding feces and gut tissues of infected piglets) was attempted to impart immunity to sows and immunize nursing piglets via breastfeeding. This study evaluated the effect of feedback feeding on PED control at 172 farms in Kagoshima and Miyazaki Prefectures. Univariable and multivariable generalized linear models were used to analyze the associations between conduct of feedback feeding and damage from the outbreak (outbreak period and the number of piglet deaths) at the farm level. The within-farm outbreak period shortened over time after the regional outbreak began on Kyushu Island (P=0.009) and was longer on large-scale farms (mean 66.0 days, P=0.003) than small-scale farms (29.4 days) and on farms that used feedback feeding (145.2 days, P=0.059) than those that did not (66.0 days). The number of dead piglets decreased over time since the first regional case (P<0.001) and was higher at farrow-to-finish farms (3.8 piglets/sow, P<0.001) than reproduction farms (0.7 piglets/sow). The effect of feedback feeding on the number of dead piglets was not significant, but its interaction term with farm style had a significant effect (5.0 more piglet deaths at reproduction farms than fallow-to-finish farms, P=0.001). These results suggest that feedback feeding made the damage from PED worse, though it was well established at a later stage of the regional PED epidemic.

DOI： 10.1292/jvms.21-0343

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Although several studies have shown that release of water channel proteins, aquaporin 1 (AQP1) and AQP2 in urinary extracellular vesicles (uEV-AQP1 and -AQP2), were altered in experimental kidney injury models, their release in human chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been largely unexplored. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether the release of uEV-AQP1 and -AQP2 is altered in patients with CKD. Urine samples were collected from 15 healthy volunteers (normal group) and 62 CKD patients who were categorized into six glomerular filtration rate (GFR) categories (G1, G2, G3a, G3b, G4, and G5) in between 2005 and 2016 at Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, Japan. uEV-proteins were evaluated by immunoblot analysis. The release of AQP1 and AQP2 were significantly decreased in patients with both CKD G4 and G5, in comparison with the normal group. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) values for AQP1 and AQP2 in patients with CKD G4 and G5 were 0.926 and 0.881, respectively. On the other hand, the AUC values in patients with CKD G1-G3 were 0.512 for AQP1 and 0.680 for AQP2. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that AQP1 and AQP2 in combination were useful for detecting CKD G4 and G5, with a higher AUC value of 0.945. These results suggest that the release of uEV-AQP1 and -AQP2 was decreased in patients with CKD G4 and G5, and these proteins might be helpful to detect advanced CKD.

DOI： 10.14814/phy2.15005

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The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of Theileria orientalis on the severity of anemia, the prevalence of disease within 21 days after calving and productivity in cows raised inside barns. This longitudinal observational study, which was conducted on a commercial dairy farm in Japan, involved 627 Holstein cows subjected to PCR analysis for T. orientalis. In study 1, we collected blood samples from 156 sick cows within 21 days after calving, and we found the prevalence of T. orientalis infection to be 65.4%. In study 2, we randomly selected 471 cows during the dry period and collected blood samples to conduct PCR analysis for T. orientalis and determined the prevalence of T. orientalis infection to be 69.0%. Compared with the values for the T. orientalis-uninfected group, the T. orientalis-infected cows had significantly decreased hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit, but there were no differences in the other complete blood count indexes between the two groups. In addition, there were no differences in productivity and the prevalence of major diseases between the T. orientalis-infected and uninfected cows. In summary, T. orientalis had few effects on anemia, productivity and the health of cows raised inside a barn.

DOI： 10.3390/pathogens10060650

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1292/jvms.20-0436

Web of Science

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The objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of Theileria orientalis infection and the influence of this disease on dairy grazing heifers in Kyushu by monitoring red blood cell (RBC) indexes, and to evaluate the efficacy of diminazene diaceturate treatment of T. orientalis-infected animals. A monthly epidemiological survey was conducted for Holstein heifers, which were reared from 10 to 16 months of age on a large commercial dairy farm and grazed on eight independent grasslands from April to November, 2009. During the survey, a total of 2,803 blood samples were collected from the 891 grazing heifers, in which the prevalence of T. orientalis infection was 52.4%. Compared with the heifers before infection, heifers with high parasitemia (more than 100 parasites per 104 RBC) had significantly decreased RBC indexes, such as RBC count, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit (P<0.05), whereas heifers with low parasitemia (less than 100 parasites per 104 RBC) had similar RBC indexes as those before infection. Treatment with diminazene diaceturate had lower efficacy in heifers with high parasitemia than those with low parasitemia (40.7% and 73.2% became negative, respectively, P<0.05). In summary, T. orientalis infection is a potentially serious problem in Kyushu, and it is important to routinely implement control programs for heifers that are grazed on grasslands in this region.

DOI： 10.1292/jvms.20-0567

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本養豚学会  

CiNii Research

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本家禽学会  

CiNii Research

J-GLOBAL

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Society of Veterinary Epidemiology  

The objectives of the present study were to analyze the associations of climate conditions and lunar cycle with daily calving frequency of cows, to determine factors associated with calvings at night, and to investigate the relationship between tide level and calving frequency on a large dairy commercial farm in Kyushu, Japan. The present study was conducted on a dairy farm having approximately 2,500 Holstein cows and collected 8,485 calving data from 2013 to 2016. As a result, daily calving frequency was not associated with both climate conditions such as maximum temperature and lunar cycle. Proportion of calvings at night (7 pm to 7 am) was 46.3% and lower than that at day time. Primiparous cows had 1.11 times higher odds ratio (95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.22) for calving at night than multiparous cows. Additionally, cows that calved at night in July to September had 1.16 times higher odds ratio (95% confidence interval: 1.03-1.31) than those that calved in January to March. In primiparous cows, positive linear relationship between tide level and calving frequency was found (coefficient±SE; 0.00086±0.000362; P=0.01), but those not in multiparous cows. In summary, no associations of climate condition and lunar cycle with calving frequency were found in dairy cows, and primiparous cows and cows calved in July to September were prone to calvings at night. Additionally, a significant relationship between tide level and calving frequency was found in primiparous cows.

DOI： 10.2743/jve.25.44

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2021310176

Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Swine Science  

In recent decades, the prolificacy potential of sows was dramatically developed by genetic improvements, and cross-fostering (CF) practices are implemented to sows farrowed piglets more than their functional teat number. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of CF on subsequent performance at weaning and post weaning. The present study was conducted on a commercial farm reared hyper-prolific sows. Data used in this study was 2,292 farrowing records in 1,337 sows that farrowed from March 2016 to February 2017. Sows were classified to three groups based on CF practices: non-CF sows, CF－ sows that defined as sows provided their piglets to other sows, and CF+ sows that defined as sows received piglets from other sows. Linear mixed-effect model was used to analyze the relationship between CF and productivity, including parity and number of piglets at beginning of lactation in the model. Of 2,292 records, 1,366 were practiced CF (59.6%), and proportion of CF－ and CF+ sows were 28.5% and 31.1%, respectively. CF was associated with number of piglets weaned and preweaning piglet mortality only in the number of piglets at beginning of lactation 13-14 pigs group: CF－ and non-CF sows had 1.2-1.7% higher preweaning piglet mortality and 0.3-0.4 lower number of piglets weaned (P<0.05). CF－ sows had 0.2kg lower piglet weight at weaning than non-CF and CF+ sows (P<0.05). CF was not associated with weaning to first mating interval and farrowing rate at first service, but CF－ sows had the highest number of piglets born alive at subsequent parity and CF+ sows had the lowest (P<0.05). In conclusion, there was no apparent reduction of productivity between non-CF sows and CF practices sows.

DOI： 10.5938/youton.58.1_19

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Other Link： https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/youton/58/1/58_19/_pdf

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Swine Science  

DOI： 10.5938/youton.58.1_45

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Other Link： https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/youton/58/1/58_45/_pdf

Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

BACKGROUND: Our aim was to investigate the incidence and prevalence of clinical mastitis, peracute mastitis, metabolic disorders, and peripartum disorders, and to examine factors affecting the prevalence of each disease in cows raised on a large dairy farm in a temperate climate in Japan. The present study was performed on a large commercial dairy farm with approximately 2500 Holstein cows. Data were collected from 2014 to 2018, and involved 9663 calving records for 4256 cows. RESULTS: The incidence rate on the farm was 21.9% for clinical mastitis, 10.4% for peracute mastitis, 2.9% for metabolic disorders, and 3.2% for peripartum disorders. The prevalence rates for clinical mastitis, peracute mastitis, metabolic disorders, and peripartum disorders were 28.0, 13.3, 3.7, and 4.0%, respectively. In all four diseases, the probability of time to occurrence for each disease was associated with parity and calving season (P < 0.05). Regarding metabolic disorders and peripartum disorders, the probability of occurrence decreased during the first 10 days after calving. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that clinical mastitis occurred most often in this temperate zone, and that metabolic disorders and peripartum disorders occurred from calving to day 10 post-calving.

DOI： 10.1186/s12917-020-02613-y

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This study aimed to determine if lactation can be induced by exogenous hormonal treatment in non-pregnant sows. In experiment 1, pseudopregnant animals were divided into four groups and given: 1) 5 mg of estradiol dipropionate (EDP) 5 days before (n = 4), 2) 5 mg of EDP 10 days before (n = 3), 3) 10 mg of EDP 5 days before (n = 3) or 4) 10 mg of EDP 10 days (n = 3) before PGF2α treatment. Artificial lactation was induced in seven pseudopregnant sows (53.8%) by exogenous hormonal treatment. There was no significant effect of either an increased EDP dosage or interval from the EDP treatment to PGF2α treatment on the induction rate of artificial lactation. In experiment 2, milk samples were collected from artificial lactating and natural lactating sows (n = 6). IgG and IgA levels in the milk collected from both groups were significantly associated with time during the experimental period. Milk IgG levels 24 h after PGF2α treatment in artificial lactating sows were higher than those in the colostrum of lactating sows. In experiment 3, hormonal profiles in pseudopregnant sows with (n = 3) or without (n = 3) EDP treatment were determined. There was a significant difference in estradiol-17β levels on days 8, 7 and 5 before PGF2α treatment between groups. Progesterone and prolactin concentrations did not differ between groups. The present study revealed for the first time that lactation could be induced by exogenous hormonal treatment in non-pregnant sows and that the milk collected from these sows contained high immunoglobulin levels.

DOI： 10.1262/jrd.2020-034

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In this study, we developed a calving prediction model based on continuous measurements of ventral tail base skin temperature (ST) with supervised machine learning and evaluated the predictive ability of the model in 2 dairy farms with distinct cattle management practices. The ST data were collected at 2- or 10-min intervals from 105 and 33 pregnant cattle (mean ± standard deviation: 2.2 ± 1.8 parities) reared in farms A (freestall barn, in a temperate climate) and B (tiestall barn, in a subarctic climate), respectively. After extracting maximum hourly ST, the change in values was expressed as residual ST (rST = actual hourly ST - mean ST for the same hour on the previous 3 d) and analyzed. In both farms, rST decreased in a biphasic manner before calving. Briefly, an ambient temperature-independent gradual decrease occurred from around 36 to 16 h before calving, and an ambient temperature-dependent sharp decrease occurred from around 6 h before until calving. To make a universal calving prediction model, training data were prepared from pregnant cattle under different ambient temperatures (10 data sets were randomly selected from each of the 3 ambient temperature groups: <15°C, ≥15°C to <25°C, and ≥25°C in farm A). An hourly calving prediction model was then constructed with the training data by support vector machine based on 15 features extracted from sensing data (indicative of pre-calving rST changes) and 1 feature from non-sensor-based data (days to expected calving date). When the prediction model was applied to the data that were not part of the training process, calving within the next 24 h was predicted with sensitivities and precisions of 85.3% and 71.9% in farm A (n = 75), and 81.8% and 67.5% in farm B (n = 33), respectively. No differences were observed in means and variances of intervals from the calving alerts to actual calving between farms (12.7 ± 5.8 and 13.0 ± 5.6 h in farms A and B, respectively). Above all, a calving prediction model based on continuous measurement of ST with supervised machine learning has the potential to achieve effective calving prediction, irrespective of the rearing condition in dairy cattle.

DOI： 10.3168/jds.2019-17689

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Bovine respiratory disease (BRD), a common and costly disease of beef cattle, has various causes. In Japan, Japanese Black calves aged 3-4 months were introduced to a backgrounding operation that raises calves until age 10 months. We assessed whether any associations relating to the calf information on arrival at the backgrounding operation and BRD incidence in Japanese Black calves exist. The data collected from a backgrounding operation in Miyazaki (Japan) included the records of 1843 animals entering the farm during 2012-2016. The information collected on arrival at the backgrounding operation was calf sex, age, blood line, weight and chest circumference, and the arrival season. Mixed-effect multivariable logistic regression modeling was applied to these data. The dependent variable was whether or not a calf showed the clinical signs of BRD and was subsequently treated with an antimicrobial between farm entry at 3-4 months of age and farm exit at 10 months of age (1 or 0). The first diagnosis of BRD after arrival was counted in this study. Average BRD incidence was 52.5 %, the relative frequencies of which at 0-30, 31-60 and ≥61 days after arrival were 58.7 %, 25.2 % and 16.1 %, respectively. BRD incidence was associated with sex, age and season (P < 0.05), but not blood line, weight, and chest circumference. Steers had 1.39 times higher odds than heifers of being diagnosed with BRD (P < 0.05). Calves entering in September to November had the highest BRD incidence (65.3 %), whereas those entering during March to May had the lowest BRD incidence (42.3 %; P < 0.05). Calves of ≤125 days old on farm arrival had higher BRD incidence than those ≥148 days old (P < 0.05). Thus, various factors on arrival at the backgrounding operation were found to be associated with BRD incidence in Japanese Black calves. It is important to carefully observe high-risk calves and monitor them for the clinical signs of BRD at the earliest opportunity on arrival at a backgrounding operation.

DOI： 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105100

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OBJECTIVES: To clarify the dissemination status of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in Japan under the national health insurance scheme. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. SETTING: National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan. PARTICIPANTS: Patients who received CBT under the national health insurance scheme from fiscal years (FY) 2010 to 2015. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: We estimated the change rate and the standardised claim ratio (SCR) for the number of patients receiving CBT and analysed the association between the CBT status and several regional factors. RESULTS: We found that (a) a total of 60 304 patients received CBT during the study period; (b) the number of patients receiving CBT was highest in the first year (-1.8% from FY2010 to FY2015); (c) the number of patients who received CBT per 100 000 population decreased (or remained at zero) in most prefectures (32 out of 47); (d) there was a maximum 424.7-fold difference between prefectures in the standardised claim ratio for CBT and (e) the number of registered CBT institutions was significantly associated with the number of patients who received CBT. CONCLUSIONS: The provision of CBT did not increase in the first 6 years (FY2010-2015) after its coverage in Japan's national health insurance scheme. Further studies including a questionnaire survey of registered CBT institutions are required to get more detailed information on the dissemination of CBT in Japan.

DOI： 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033365

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It is well known that infectious diseases such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) decrease herd productivity and lead to economic loss. It is believed that biosecurity practices are effective for the prevention and control of such infectious diseases. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate whether or not an association between biosecurity level and herd productivity, as well as disease status exists on Japanese commercial swine farms. The present study was conducted on 141 farms. Biosecurity in each farm was assessed by a biosecurity assessment tool named BioAsseT. BioAsseT has a full score of 100 and consists of three sections (external biosecurity, internal biosecurity and diagnostic monitoring). Production data for number of pigs weaned per sow per year (PWSY) and post-weaning mortality per year (PWM) were collected for data analysis. Regarding PRRS status, the farms were categorized into two groups: unknown or unstable and stable or negative. In addition, these farms were categorized based on their PED status, either positive or negative. The total BioAsseT score was associated with herd productivity: as total score increased by 1, PWSY increased by 0.104 pigs and PWM decreased by 0.051 % (P <  0.05). Herd productivity was associated with the score of external and internal biosecurity (P <  0.05), but did not correlate with the score of diagnostic monitoring. Regarding PRRS status, farms with an unknown or unstable status had lower total score than those with stable or negative status (P < 0.05). Similarly, PED positive farms had a lower total score compared to PED negative farms (P <  0.05). In conclusion, the present study provides evidence for the association between high biosecurity levels and increased herd productivity as well as a decreased risk for novel introductions of infectious diseases such as PED.

DOI： 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104848

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The objectives of this study were to assess abortion risk (AR) and the number of piglets that died during suckling periods per litter (DP) in farms infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) in relation to herd immunization procedures. Data were obtained from 91 farms in Japan that had PED infection during 2013 to 2014. The 91 PED-positive farms were asked the number of abortions that occurred and DP for 3 months (1 month before PED outbreak (previous month), 1 month after PED outbreak (the month of PED), and from 1 month after PED outbreak to 2 months after PED outbreak (following month)). AR in each month was calculated as the number of abortions divided by sow inventory. Both AR and DP in the month of PED were higher than those in the previous and following months (p < .05). Farms that performed a herd immunization procedure had higher AR and DP in the month of PED than those that did not perform the procedure (p < .05). In summary, PED occurrence increased AR and DP.

DOI： 10.1111/asj.13377

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The objective of the present study was to assess the productivity of pigs to investigate the time-dependent change in productivity and compare productivity according to breeding company group and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) status on commercial swine farms in southern Kyushu, Japan. Data used in the present study were 245 annual productivity records from 2014 to 2018 obtained from 72 farms. Average sow inventory was 481.2 sows. Mean numbers of pigs weaned per sow per year and market pigs sold per sow per year were 23.7 and 21.6, respectively. Pigs born alive per litter increased from 11.1 to 11.9 pigs from 2014 to 2018 (p < .05). Farms using domestic breeding companies had similar numbers in 2016 to those using international breeding companies, but fewer pigs in 2014, 2015, 2017, and 2018 (p < .05). Farms with an unknown or unstable PRRS status had fewer pigs born alive per litter and pigs weaned per sow per year than those with stable or negative PRRS statuses (11.2 ± 0.06 vs. 11.8 ± 0.08 pigs and 22.6 ± 0.38 vs. 25.0 ± 0.22 pigs, respectively; p < .05). These results can be used to establish feasible targets and standards of performance to identify problem areas and improve production.

DOI： 10.1111/asj.13492

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes enteritis, vomiting, watery diarrhea, and high mortality in suckling pigs, threatening the swine industry. Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) re-emerged globally in 2013 in many important swine-producing countries in Asia and the Americas. Several studies have identified the risk factors for the spread of PEDV in acute outbreaks. However, limited information is available on the risk factors for the transmission of PEDV in endemic regions. We hypothesized that poor biosecurity, location, and some social or cultural practices are the main risk factors for PEDV transmission in the Vietnamese pig population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential risk factors for the transmission of PEDV in an endemic area in Vietnam. In this case-control study, questionnaires containing 51 questions were completed for 92 PEDV-positive and 95 PEDV-negative farms. A logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the risk factors associated with PEDV infection. Province and the total number of pigs were included as random effects to determine their influence on the risk of PEDV infection. Twenty-nine variables of interest that have been associated with PEDV status were analyzed in a univariate analysis (P <0.20), with backward stepwise selection. Only three of these 29 variables in four models remained significant PEDV risk factors in the final model: farrow-to-wean production type, distance from the farm to the slaughterhouse (<1,000 m), and the presence of chickens on site (P <0.05). This is the first study to identify the main risk factors for PEDV infection in an endemic area. Our findings suggest that hygiene measures should be strictly implemented on farms for the effective control and prevention of PEDV infection.

DOI： 10.3389/fvets.2020.00433

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Equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE) caused by Lawsonia intracellularis is characterized by hypoproteinemia. There are currently no reliable reports that provide a reference value for the total serum protein (TP) concentration to clinically diagnose EPE. The objective of this study was to statistically determine the reference value. Feces and sera of 99 foals with EPE-like clinical signs and of 35 healthy foals were obtained. The samples were used for specific-gene detection of L. intracellularis, TP measurement, and specific-antibody detection against L. intracellularis. Based on these results, the optimal reference value for the TP concentration as a clinical diagnostic index of EPE was found to be ≤ 4.8 g/dl. This clinical diagnostic index will provide an effective approach for diagnosing EPE.

DOI： 10.1294/jes.30.63

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Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is an emerging and/or re-emerging disease of pigs in several countries, with high morbidity and mortality in suckling piglets. Farms affected with PED perform various intervention practices to control and/or eliminate the PED virus. The objectives of the present study were to assess the effect of biosecurity measures and intervention practices to control PED on time to absence of clinical signs (TAC) and number of dead suckling piglets during TAC. A questionnaire was administered to 120-PED affected farms located across Japan between 2013, when the first case was reported in Japan, and 2014. Farms were asked to provide information on farm characteristics and internal or external biosecurity measures during PED outbreak, as well as on intervention practices to control PED. The TAC was defined as the number of days from the date that clinical PED signs appeared to the date that clinical PED signs disappeared. The number of dead piglets per sow (DP/S) was calculated as the number of dead suckling piglets during TAC divided by the sow inventory. Regarding the effect of biosecurity measures during PED outbreak on TAC and DP/S, longer TAC was observed in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-positive farms and farms outsourcing pig transport to the slaughterhouse (p <  0.05). In addition, farms with divided truck entrances had lower DP/S than those without divided entrances (p <  0.05).Regarding the effect of intervention practices to control PED on TAC and DP/S, farms that performed feedback at 2 weeks or later after PED outbreak had longer TAC and higher DP/S than other farms (p <  0.05). Farms that fixed the hours staff worked in farrowing barn had lower DP/S than the other farms (p <  0.05). In conclusion, variables associated with long TAC were Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae -positive farms, farms outsourcing pig transport to the slaughterhouse, and farms performing feedback at 2 week or later after PED outbreak. Additionally, those associated with high DP/S were farms without divided entrances, farms without a fixed hours worked in the barn, and farms that performed feedback at 2 week or later after PED outbreak.

DOI： 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104710

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0220255

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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In this study, we examined factors that affected milk production by cows raised in a temperate climate area. We conducted this study on a large dairy farm containing approximately 2000 Holstein cows, located in a temperate climate area. We collected 7803 calving records for 4069 cows from 2012 to 2016. We then assessed the effect of hot weather on milk yield by examining three climate factors: season, maximum temperature (MAX), and the temperature and humidity index (THI). We found that increases in heat stress caused linear decreases in milk yield (P < 0.05). Additionally, the effects of the three climate factors on milk yield varied depending on cow parity and days open (P < 0.05). Thus, management procedures should consider cow parity and lactating stage to minimize the negative effects of heat stress on milk production. We also found that the lowest Akaike information criterion value was obtained in our model when using THI for 305-day milk yield. This suggests that THI is a more accurate variable for evaluating heat stress than MAX or season.

DOI： 10.1007/s11250-018-1720-6

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DOI： 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.08.008

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The purpose of this study was to detect porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) subclinically infected pigs shipped from non-case farms to slaughterhouses. Systematic sampling was conducted at two slaughterhouses. A total of 1,556 blood samples were collected from 80 case and non-case farms from pigs over 6 months old. Blood samples were centrifuged to obtain sera. Serial serum dilutions were subjected to serological examination for PEDV presence using Neutralization test (NT). The cut-off titer was set at titer of 1:2 dilution and farms with at least one positive sample in duplicate were classified as PED-positive farms. Several non-case farms (9.4%, 6/64) and 100% (16/16) of the case farms were indeed positive for PEDV. The proportion of seropositive animals from case farms was 63.7%, significantly different from that of non-case farms (4.3%, P<0.05). In both case and non-case farms, the proportion of seropositive animals in farrow-to-finish farms was significantly higher than in wean-to-finish farms (P<0.05). Seropositive animals in non-case farms were detected by NT in a sero-survey by sampling at slaughterhouses. Therefore, subclinically infected pigs should be considered prior to shipment.

DOI： 10.1292/jvms.18-0132

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It is well known that pigs are sensitive to heat stress, but few studies have assessed the critical temperature that affects farrowing rate. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to assess the effects of outside temperature on farrowing rate by using a multivariate logistic regression model. Data were obtained from 25 commercial farms, including 26,128 service records for gilts and 120,655 service records for sows. Two variables, maximum temperature (MAX) and temperature humidity index (THI), were used as an indicator for climate conditions. In gilts, an interaction between climate conditions and service number was associated with farrowing rate (p < .05). In the first service, farrowing rate decreased as climate conditions increased, whereas no relationship was found in the second service or later. In sows, farrowing rate at first service decreased as MAX increased from 22°C or THI increased from 66 (p < .05), but no apparent reduction under heat conditions was found in the second service or later. Additionally, effect of heat stress on farrowing rate in parities 1-2 was higher than those in parities 3-5 and ≥6 (p < .05). These results can be applied to field conditions as a standard for the critical temperature for farrowing rate.

DOI： 10.1111/asj.13048

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Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) occurred in Japan in 2013 after an interval of 7 years. The present study assessed individual productivity of sows exposed to PED virus at different periods of the production stage. The present study was performed at three commercial farms that had PED outbreak during the month of December 2013. Herd immunization was conducted for all gilts and sows. The production records were obtained for sows that were alive during the PED outbreak at each farm. The sows were categorized into six groups based on the period in which they were exposed to PED virus between days 0-30 (G1), 31-60 (G2), 61-90 (G3), or after 91 days of pregnancy (G4), during lactation (L), and after weaning (W). The control group was assigned based on the records before the period of PED outbreak (uninfected group). The number of sow's records obtained from farms A, B, and C were 1056, 1137, and 1035, respectively. Compared with the uninfected group, there was no reduction in the number of pigs born alive in the G1-G4 groups. Sows of the G4 and L groups, however, had 4-9 pigs fewer pigs weaned, and a 36%-77% greater pre-weaning mortality than the uninfected group (P < 0.05). There was no difference in farrowing rate and number of pigs born alive at subsequent parities among the sow groups. There were no interactions between sow groups and parity for sow productivity.

DOI： 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.03.017

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DOI： 10.1111/rda.13191

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The objective of this study was to investigate factors that caused rapid spread during the early phase of the porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) epidemic in Japan in 2013 and 2014. Anonymized datasets from all pig farms were provided by Kagoshima (709 farms) and Miyazaki Prefectures (506 farms). Semi-parametric survival analysis was conducted using the first 180 days from the first case on December 3, 2013 in Kagoshima Prefecture. To compare the hazard between different farm management types, univariable survival analysis was conducted. As farm sizes varied among different farm types, bivariable survival analysis was conducted for farm size categories and farm density per km2 for each management type. A case-control study using a postal questionnaire survey was conducted in September 2014, and risk factor analysis was performed using generalized linear models with binomial errors. The hazard was significantly higher in farrow-to-finish farms than fattening farms [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.6, p < 0.01], but was not significantly different between reproduction and fattening farms (HR = 1.3, p = 0.16). In separate bivariable survival analyses for each farm type, large- and middle-scale farms had higher hazard than small-scale farms in fattening (HR = 5.8 and 2.6, respectively, both p < 0.01) and reproduction farms (HR = 4.0 and 3.6, respectively, both p < 0.01). In farrow-to-finish farms, large-scale farms had higher hazard than small-scale farms (HR = 2.8, p < 0.01), and higher farm density per km2 was also a risk factor (HR = 7.6, p < 0.01). In the case-control study, questionnaires were returned from 78 PED virus-infected and 91 non-infected farms. The overall response rate was 34%. Risk factors of the final model were occurrence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in the past 5 years [odds ratio (OR) = 1.97, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.97-4.00, p = 0.054], use of a common compost station (OR = 2.51, 95%CI: 1.08-5.83, p = 0.03), and use of a pig excrement disposal service (OR = 2.64, 95%CI: 1.05-6.63, p = 0.04). High hazard in farrow-to-finish farms suggested transmission from slaughterhouses to susceptible suckling piglets. Hazard associated with large-scale farms and high density might be due to frequent vehicle entrance and transmission by roads. Improvement of farm hygiene management and avoidance of risky practices associated with contact with pig excrement were keys in preventing invasion of PED virus to a farm.

DOI： 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.12.008

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Blackwell Publishing Ltd  

DOI： 10.1111/rda.13049

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DOI： 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.12.008

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Swine Science  

Lactating sows require high feed intake in order to produce milk for their piglets and to maintain their body condition. Ad-lib feeder can allow sows to eat feeds as much as they want. The objectives of the present study was to assess the effect of ad-lib feeder to lactating sows on feed intake and subsequent productivity. The present study was conducted on a commercial farm having 350 crossbred sows between Large White and Landrace. Nineteen sows farrowed during Sep. 11 to 13, 2014 were used and randomly assigned to two groups: ad libitum feeding groups (n＝10) and conventional feeding groups (n＝9). Ad libitum feeding was applied during 17 days from study start date (day 4 after farrowing) to study end date (day 20 after farrowing). Piglet weight at weaning and weaning-to-first-mating interval was used as production performance. Total amount of feed intake during 17 days of the study period (±SEM) was 105.0±4.8 kg, and ad libitum feeding group tended to have higher amount than conventional feeding group (111.5±7.6 vs. 97.9±4.8 kg;P＝0.16). Statistical power of this analysis was 0.235. Ad libitum feeding group had higher piglet weight at weaning (9.1±0.1 kg vs. 7.8±0.1 kg;P<0.05) and shorter weaning-to-first-mating interval (4.8±0.1 vs. 5.4±0.2 days;P<0.05) than conventional feeding group. The present study indicated that ad-lib feeder can increase feed intake of lactating sows and subsequently increase production performance.

DOI： 10.5938/youton.55.2_31

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DOI： 10.1292/jvms.16-0471

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DOI： 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.05.025

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DOI： 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.06.013

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DOI： 10.5938/youton.54.2_29

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DOI： 10.1007/s11250-017-1257-0

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<p>The objective of the present study was to assess management procedures for Japanease Black cattle and to compare the procedures between herd size in cow-calf operation located in Miyazaki prefecture. A questionnaire survey was conducted to ask the production system and management procedures. The 331 farms were categorized into three groups based on the average cow inventory : small (1 to 10 cows ; <i>n</i>＝148), middle (11 to 20 cows ; <i>n</i>＝90) and large (more than 21 cows ; <i>n</i>＝93). The mean±SEM of number of cows was 21.3±1.8 cows. The results of questionnaire survey showed that large farms had a higher proportion of farms remaining cows in the calving room at peripartum period than small farms (<i>P</i><0.05), whereas small farms had a higher proportion of farms putting cows in the stall barns in vicinity of calving than large farms (<i>P</i><0.05). Proportion of farms that predicted the timing of parturition of cows by their behavior was 65.9%, whereas proportion of farms that predicted by using remote censor was 8.2%. Large farms had higher proportions of farms that predicted the timing of parturition of cows by using observation and remote censor than small farms (<i>P</i><0.05). Proportion of farms that confirmed estrus of cows by their behavior was 79.8%, whereas proportion of farms that confirmed estrus of cows by using remote censor was 3.9%. Large farms had higher proportions of farms that confirmed estrus by their behavior and remote censor than small farms (<i>P</i><0.05). Proportion of farms using echography as pregnancy check was 62%, but no difference between herd size groups was found. Proportion of farms that reduced heat stress by using cooling fans was 79.8%, and large farms had higher proportions than small farms (<i>P</i><0.05). Proportion of farms that reduced cold stress by using heater was 53.2%. Small farms had the lowest proportions of farms that reduced cold stress by using heater (<i>P</i><0.05). In summary, the present study showed that management procedures were different among herd size.</p>

DOI： 10.2508/chikusan.88.303

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DOI： 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.07.007

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DOI： 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.06.005

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<p>Problems occurred on livestock production are related to several factors that interacted with each other, and it is difficult to quantify possible risk factors affecting to production performance. Production epidemiology is an essential tool for assessing these problems by identifying the incidence rate, relative frequency, and risk factors related to the problems using large database obtained from livestock production. Recently the livestock industry changes their standard operation procedures to improve their production efficiency and increases number of animals per farm. These changes build a large database that contains record and process of animal identifications or production event. However, an application of the database in livestock species remains under-utilized because a farmer or adviser does not have enough knowledge or time to perform epidemiological analysis. It is important to enhance our knowledge on production epidemiology to identify problem areas and improve their production in livestock production. This paper provides the concepts and the applications of production epidemiology using the production data acquired from commercial livestock operations in order to improve production efficiency.</p>

DOI： 10.2743/jve.20.9

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DOI： 10.1292/jvms.15-0013

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DOI： 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.11.002

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DOI： 10.3844/ajavsp.2016.85.90

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DOI： 10.6090/jarq.50.361

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DOI： 10.4190/jjlac.7.14

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DOI： 10.1111/asj.12299

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DOI： 10.1080/00071668.2014.966057

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DOI： 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.03.004

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DOI： 10.1111/asj.12140

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DOI： 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.10.026

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DOI： 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.016

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DOI： 10.2527/jas.2011-4313

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DOI： 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.10.002

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We have measured the four lifetime components of sow nonproductive days (NPD) and proportions of the four lifetime NPD components by farm productivity groups, by using 44,720 lifetime records on 101 Japanese commercial farms. Lifetime NPD were divided into four components : first-mating-to-conception interval at parity 0 (FMCI), lifetime weaning-to-first-mating interval (WMI), lifetime sow first-mating-to-conception interval (MCI), and last weaning-to-culling interval (WCI). Three farm productivity groups were formed on the basis of the upper and lower 25th percentiles of pigs weaned per mated female per year : high-, intermediate-, or low-performing farms. Mean lifetime NPD (±SEM) was 87.4±0.31 days. Mean FMCI, lifetime WMI, lifetime MCI and WCI were 5.8±0.10, 27.4±0.11, 14.9±0.16, and 39.3±0.23 days, respectively, and comprising 6.6, 31.4, 17.0, and 45.0%, respectively of lifetime NPD. High-performing farms had lower lifetime NPD and four NPD components than low-performing farms (P<0.05), although there were no differences between the farm groups in sow life days. On high-performing farms, the relative contributions of the NPD components in FMCI, lifetime MCI, and WCI were 1.9 to 5.4% lower than those on low-performing farms (P<0.05). In order to improve sow lifetime efficiency it is important to decrease the duration of each NPD component. Additionally, the relative contribution of WCI is the largest of the four NPD components, so controlling this is especially critical.

DOI： 10.2743/jve.16.135

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DOI： 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.01.017

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A 30-day-old piglet showed severe emaciation. Macroscopically, fibrinous pleuropneumonia was detected. Histopathologically, necrotic lesions were found in the pleura, epicardium, and renal medulla, and were surrounded by numerous necrotic neutrophils. Gram-negative bacterial colonies were seen in the lesions. Similar lesions were also observed in the liver, spleen, mesenterium, and brain. Immunohistochemically, the bacteria were positively reacted with rabbit anti <i>Actinobacillus suis </i>serum. 16S rRNA gene segment from genomic DNA isolated from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections was amplified, and the base sequence analysis results indicated high homology with <i>A. suis </i>(100% similarity, based on a comparison of 650 bp). The present results indicated that <i>A. suis </i>caused necrotic pleuropneumonia, epicarditis and nephritis in the piglet.

DOI： 10.12935/jvma.64.381

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DOI： 10.1292/jvms.10-0040

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The objective of the present study were to determine the number of parities that a sow must remain in the herd for before lifetime net income becomes positive, in typical farrow-to-finish operations in Japan. A further objective was to evaluate the sensitivity of lifetime net income to feed price, price for marketed pigs, feed conversion ratio, and number of pigs weaned. The reproductive data were collected from records of 53,996 sows born between 2001 and 2004 in 101 commercial herds. The economic models for lifetime net income by parity were constructed using reproductive data and economic assumptions. The economic assumptions were based on data obtained from previous studies and multiple producer groups. Lifetime net income in each parity was calculated as the sum of net income in each litter, including salvaged values for sows, minus gilt costs. The net income in each litter was calculated as the revenue obtained by sales of marketed pigs from each litter minus production costs. The costs included feed costs for growing pigs and sows, depreciations for replacement gilts, and the other costs for facility, breeding, veterinary treatment and vaccines, transportation and slaughter fees, utility and labor. Sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate how changes in feed price, the price for marketed pigs, feed conversion ratio, or the number of pigs weaned would affect economic returns. Lifetime net income increased from $-272.8 to $1,944.9 as the parity increased from 1 to 8. A sow reached a positive value of lifetime net income at parity 3. The net income from each litter of a sow increased from $145.8 to $390.2 as the parity increased from 1 to 5. Sensitivity analysis showed that if the feed price increased from $0.40/kg to $0.45/kg, the lifetime net income became negative in parities 1 to 4. Furthermore, if the feed price increased from $0.40/ kg to $0.50/kg, lifetime net income was negative in all parity groups. If the price for marketed pigs declined to $4.25/kg kg or lower, the lifetime net income in all parity groups was negative. However, decreasing feed conversion ratio or increasing the number of pigs weaned increased lifetime net income. In conclusion, increased sow longevity results in increased lifetime net income of sows in commercial herds. Lower feed costs, decreased feed conversion ratio and increasing the number of pigs weaned also increased lifetime profitability of sows.

DOI： 10.2743/jve.16.37

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DOI： 10.1016/j.livsci.2010.09.017

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The objective of the present study was to determine euthanasia rate and euthanasia risk, and to compare removal patterns between euthanized females and the other females on Japanese commercial farms. The present study was conducted by using lifetime record data of 62,742 females born between 2001 and 2004 on 101 farms. Annualized euthanasia rate was calculated as the number of euthanized females divided by the sum of life days in all gilts and sows, multiplied by 365 days. Euthanasia risk was calculated as the number of euthanized females divided by the number of surviving females at farrowing in each parity. Linear mixed-effects models were performed to compare lifetime measurements. Of the 101 farms, 25 (24.8%) had records of euthanized females. At the farm level, the mean proportion of removed females that had been euthanized (±SEM) on the 25 farms was 1.27±0.38% with a range between 0.06 and 8.44%. At the individual female level, of the 21,094 females on the 25 farms, the proportions of removed females that were euthanized, dead, or culled were 1.7, 9.7, and 88.6%, respectively. Annualized euthanasia rate was 0.63%. Of the 348 euthanized females, 53.7 and 25.0% were euthanized due to downer and locomotor problems, respectively. Mean values of parity at removal and female life days in the euthanized females were 3.3±0.13 and 717.2±18.58 days, respectively. Euthanized females had lower parity at removal and shorter female life days than culled females (P<0.05), but had similar values to dead females. Euthanasia risks in parity 0, 1, and 2 were 0.23, 0.27, and 0.23%, respectively. As parity increased from 3 to 6, the euthanasia risks increased from 0.22 to 0.59%. The percentages of sows euthanized at week 0, 1, and 2 after the last farrowing were 2.7, 21.6, and 8.4%, respectively, whereas those in the dead sows were 9.8, 24.1, and 11.1%, respectively. No difference between the euthanized sows and dead sows was found in the relative frequency of sows removed during the weeks from the last farrowing to removal. In conclusion, few females were euthanized on commercial farms in Japan. The removal pattern of the euthanized females was similar to that of dead females. It is ethical to euthanize a female that is immobilized due to severe lesion or other problems rather than waiting for the female to die.

DOI： 10.2743/jve.14.21

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DOI： 10.12935/jvma.63.187

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DOI： 10.1016/j.livsci.2009.10.014

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DOI： 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.10.014

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The objectives of the present study were to compare the occurrence of claw lesions in late-gestating pigs and lactating sows on a commercial farm and to investigate the relationships between claw lesions and parity, age of gilts at first mating, and survival probability. A farrow-to-finish farm was visited six times from 2007 through 2008 to observe the claw lesions of late-gestating pigs and lactating sows fed in farrowing crates in lactation barns. We used a four-point score method (0, 1, 2, or 3) for each of the seven claw areas in each of the eight claws of a female pig. The total pig-lesion score (TPLS) for each female pig was obtained by summing the scores of all the areas and claws in a pig. Two TPLS groups were formed on the basis of the upper 10th percentile of the TPLS : low (0 to 5) or high (6 or higher). Linear mixed-effects models were performed for statistical analyses. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to obtain the survival probability. Of 629 female pigs studied in the farrowing crates, 64.4% had one or more claw lesions. Mean TPLS (±SEM) of the female pigs was 2.6±0.15. Late-gestating pigs had higher TPLS than lactating sows (4.1±0.42 vs. 2.1±0.14 ; P<0.05). Moreover, TPLS was higher in later parity in both the late-gestating pigs and lactating sows (P<0.05). However, there were no associations between the age of gilts at first mating and TPLS in late-gestating pigs (P=0.08) or lactating sows (P>0.10). Additionally, no associations were found between survival probability and TPLS in either the late-gestating pigs or lactating sows (P>0.10). To facilitate animal well-being, we recommend that swine producers frequently examine claws of females in farrowing crates to identify females with severe claw lesions.

DOI： 10.2743/jve.14.118

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DOI： 10.2743/jve.14.105

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DOI： 10.1292/jvms.71.263

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DOI： 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.12.018

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DOI： 10.1292/jvms.71.263

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DOI： 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.04.021

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本研究では雌豚への1回目種付け時と再種付け時での、2回と3回交配の経済的な利益の比較を行った。繁殖成績は117農場での102,553種付け記録を利用した。発情時期での1種付けには、1回以上の交配が行われている。1種付けあたりの費用と利益の経済モデルは、繁殖成績と経済的な仮定の値で作られた。離乳豚1頭あたりの価格は、市場価格から肥育コストである飼料費、ワクチン費、治療費、屠場までの運賃、屠場経費、労働費そして電気・水道・光熱費を差し引いて推定された。感受性分析は、2回交配における分娩率を上げる中で、3回交配による利益を追い抜く閾値を決定するようにしてなされた。初回種付けグループでは、3回交配された未経産豚と経産豚は2回交配された未経産豚と経産豚より、分娩率も分娩時生存産子数も上回っていた。再種付けグループでは、2回と3回交配の間で、分娩率も分娩時生存産子数にも差はなかった。離乳豚1頭あたりの価格は、101.1ドルと推定された。初回種付けの未経産豚と経産豚では、3回交配における純利益が、2回交配を上回った。それで、利益を最大にするために、日本では初回種付けされる雌豚には3回交配を、再発情した雌豚には2回交配を奨める。なお、感受性分析の結果は、生産者が2回交配で分娩率を1％上昇すれば、2回交配による利益が、3回交配による利益を超えることを示唆している。

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Language：English   Publisher：獣医疫学会  

跛行や脚弱といった四肢の問題は、動物福祉の問題に関係していると考えられる。海外では、農場導入時の未経産豚における四肢の肢勢スコアが発表されているが、これはストール飼育された雌豚において、四肢に問題がある雌豚を発見することに役立つかもしれない。本研究は、生産農場において、ストール飼育された雌豚の四肢の肢勢を観察すること、肢勢スコアと生存時間、背脂肪厚及び行動との関連性を調査することを目的とした。繁殖雌豚500頭一貫経営農場に2年間で6回訪問し、雌豚の四肢の肢勢スコアを記録した。肢勢スコアは、OKとPOORに分類した。前肢において、肘が内側に曲がっているもの、後肢において、尻・後膝・飛節が直線上に位置にあり直肢している、または飛節が鎌状に曲がっているものをPOOR、POOR以外の肢勢をOKとした。また、少なくとも1本の肢の肢勢スコアがPOORであった雌豚をPOORグループ、その他の雌豚をOKグループに分類した。四肢の肢勢スコアと生存時間の関連性には、生存時間分析を用い、その他の分析には混合効果モデルを用いた。709頭における1,560観察記録の内、肢勢スコアがPOORであった記録は6.4％（1460記録）、OKであった記録は93.6％（100記録）であった。また、四肢の肢勢を複数回観察された495頭のうち、86.5％（428頭）は産次を経ても肢勢スコアが変化しなかった。0、1、2、5、6産次の雌豚は3産次と4産次の雌豚よりも肢勢スコアがPOORであった雌豚の割合が低くなった（P＜0.05）。生存確率に肢勢スコアによる差は見られなかった。また、淘汰リスクに肢勢スコアによる差はなかった。背脂肪厚、行動割合と肢勢スコアに関連性はなかった。本研究において、ストール飼育された雌豚における四肢の肢勢スコアは、生存時間、背脂肪厚及び行動と関連がないことを示唆した。

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Language：Japanese  

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J-GLOBAL

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J-GLOBAL

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)  

Web of Science

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