Language：Japanese   Publisher：GID(性同一性障害)学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：GID(性同一性障害)学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本精神神経学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW  

The purposes of this paper are 1) to introduce the methods for determining sex/gender differences from the perspective of behavioral genetics, 2) to review the sex/gender differences in various psychological traits found by these approaches, and 3) to propose directions for psychological gender research using behavioral genetics. While behavioral genetics always focuses on individual gender differences, using sex/gender limitation analysis, such studies can focus on both quantitative and qualitative factors affected by sex/gender differences. By integrated the findings derived from behavioral genetics, gender studies can determine how the environment influences genetic factors, and can describe the developmental trajectories of genetic and environmental factors related to gender.

DOI： 10.24602/sjpr.60.1_3

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2017322507

Language：Japanese   Publisher：GID(性同一性障害)学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The present study examined: (1) gender and age differences of mean gender identity disorder (GID) trait scores in Japanese twins; (2) the validity of the prenatal hormone transfer theory, which predicts that, in dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs, twins with an opposite-gender co-twin more frequently exhibit GID traits than twins with a same-gender co-twin; and (3) the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on GID traits as a function of age and gender. Data from 1450 male twin pairs, 1882 female twin pairs, and 1022 DZ male-female pairs ranging from 3 to 26 years of age were analyzed. To quantify individual variances in GID traits, each participant completed four questionnaire items based on criteria for GID from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). Our most important findings were: (1) Japanese females exhibited GID traits more frequently than males and Japanese children exhibited GID traits less frequently than adolescents and adults (among females, the prevalence was 1.6 % in children, 10 % in adolescents, and 12 % in adults; among males, the prevalence was 0.5, 2, and 3 %, respectively); (2) the data did not support the prenatal hormone transfer theory for GID traits; and (3) a large part of the variance for GID traits in children was accounted for by familial factors; however, the magnitude was found to be greater in children than in adolescents or adults, particularly among females. This study suggests that although the prevalence is likely to increase, familial effects are likely to decrease as individuals age.

DOI： 10.1007/s10508-016-0821-4

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：GID(性同一性障害)学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本セックス・カウンセラー・セラピスト協会  

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2016064494

Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本小児科学会  

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本精神神経学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Association of Educational Psychology  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：GID(性同一性障害)学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The Keio Twin Research Center has conducted two longitudinal twin cohort projects and has collected three independent and anonymous twin data sets for studies of phenotypes related to psychological, socio-economic, and mental health factors. The Keio Twin Study has examined adolescent and adult cohorts, with a total of over 2,400 pairs of twins and their parents. DNA samples are available for approximately 600 of these twin pairs. The Tokyo Twin Cohort Project has followed a total of 1,600 twin pairs from infancy to early childhood. The large-scale cross-sectional twin study (CROSS) has collected data from over 4,000 twin pairs, from 3 to 26 years of age, and from two high school twin cohorts containing a total of 1,000 pairs of twins. These data sets of anonymous twin studies have mainly targeted academic performance, attitude, and social environment. The present article introduces the research designs and major findings of our center, such as genetic structures of cognitive abilities, personality traits, and academic performances, developmental effects of genes and environment on attitude, socio-cognitive ability and parenting, genes x environment interaction on attitude and conduct problem, and statistical methodological challenges and so on. We discuss the challenges in conducting twin research in Japan.

DOI： 10.1017/thg.2012.131

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Language：English  

DOI： 10.1080/0092623X.2012.675022

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

INTRODUCTION: Gender identity and the second-to-fourth finger length ratio (2D : 4D) are discriminative between the sexes. However, the relationship between 2D : 4D and gender identity disorder (GID) is still controversial. AIM: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between 2D : 4D and score on the Gender Identity Scale (GIS) in female-to-male (FtM) GID subjects. METHODS: Thirty-seven GID-FtM with testosterone replacement therapy from our clinic were included in this study. As controls, 20 male and 20 female volunteers participated from our institution (medical doctors and nurses). We photocopied left and right hands of the participants and measured the second and fourth finger lengths. Gender identity was measured with the GIS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: 2D : 4D digit ratio and GIS in male, female, and GID-FtM subjects. RESULTS: The 2D : 4D (mean ± standard deviation) in male, female, and GID-FtM were 0.945 ± 0.029, 0.999 ± 0.035, and 0.955 ± 0.029 in right hand and 0.941 ± 0.024, 0.979 ± 0.040, and 0.954 ± 0.036 in left hand, respectively. The 2D : 4D was significantly lower in male controls in both hands and GID-FtM in the right hand than in female controls (P < 0.05, analysis of variance). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that "consistent gender identity" score in the higher domain in GIS and "persistent gender identity" score in the lower domain are statistically significant variables correlating with 2D : 4D in the right hands among biological females. CONCLUSIONS: The finger length ratio 2D : 4D in GID-FtM was significantly lower than in female controls in the right hand in this study. 2D : 4D showed a positive correlation with GIS score. Because 2D : 4D influences are assumed to be established in early life and to reflect testosterone exposure, our results suggest a relationship between GID-FtM and perinatal testosterone.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02815.x

PubMed

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The second to fourth digit ratio has been argued to reflect prenatal hormonal influences and is reportedly associated with various psychological and behavioral traits, such as sexual orientation, cognitive abilities, and personality. We examined genetic and environmental influences on the second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) using a Japanese twin sample (N=300). The genetic analysis showed substantial additive genetic influences for both right and left hand 2D:4D. The rest of the variance was explained mainly by environmental influences not shared within twin pairs. These findings were, in general, in accordance with preceding studies with primarily Caucasian twin samples. The bivariate genetic analysis revealed that the additive genetic influences were largely shared between the right and left hand, while the non-shared environmental influences were largely unique to each hand. Results from a comparison of opposite-sex and same-sex twins were not significant, although they were in the predicted direction according to the prenatal hormone transfer hypothesis. Female monozygotic twin pairs discordant in sexual orientation showed significant within-pair differences in left hand 2D:4D, where non-heterosexual twins had lower (more masculinized) 2D:4D. In addition, we found that non-heterosexual male MZ twins had larger (more feminized) 2D:4D than their heterosexual co-twins. These results suggest the existence of non-shared environmental influences that affect both 2D:4D and sexual orientation.

DOI： 10.1007/s10508-011-9889-z

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本心理臨床学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本セックス・カウンセラー・セラピスト協会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：GID(性同一性障害)学会  

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Language：Japanese  

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2012026065

Language：Japanese   Publisher：GID(性同一性障害)学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：GID(性同一性障害)学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：三田哲學會  

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The purposes of this paper are to look back on arguments whether DSM (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders) should include Gender Identity Disorder (GID) in children and adolescents or not, and to review the research outcomes on how treatments and interventions have been implemented and have produced effect.
First, this paper discusses whether gender nonconforming children should be diagnosed as having a mental disorder or not and where an underlying problem of the disorder lies; in a society, a family, or child oneself. Depending upon where clinicians stand, treatments and interventions differ. Approaches to therapy can be placed into 4 categories: 1) therapy for aiming at changing cross-gender identity, 2) therapy that exhibits a nonjudgmental attitude to cross-gender identity, 3) therapy that affrmatively accepts cross-gender identity, 4) physical interventions for sex reassignment. Because no controlled comparison study has been conducted, we do not have any evidence for different outcomes by selected approaches.
Finally, referring to researches in Western countries, the paper discusses support for children and adolescents with GID in Japan. For children, because of the possibility of gender identity change, we should provide a family a choice of the approaches 1), 2), or 3) as previously indicated. On the other hands, for adolescents, a family should be presented a choice of the approaches 2), 3), or 4). However, in Japan, as use of pubertal delaying hormones in GID treatment has never been discussed, we can not present the approach 4). Further discussion on physical interventions for adolescents is necessary.
特集 : 教育学の射程
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Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/10771003

Language：Japanese   Publisher：GID(性同一性障害)学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Psychological Association  

This study investigated the possible effects of genetic and environmental gender differences in effect on individual differences by using the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) with twins. A sex/gender-limitation analysis, a behavior genetics methodology was used to the following: (a) effects of gender-specific genes, (b) gender differences in quantitative genetic effects, (c) effects of gender-specific shared environment, (d) gender differences of quantitative shared environment, and (e) gender differences of quantitative nonshared environment. Participants were adolescent and adult twins, including 111 identical male pairs, 241 identical female pairs, 36 fraternal male pairs, 65 fraternal female pairs, and 58 opposite-gender pairs. The results indicated that although masculinity and femininity were explained by genetic factors to some extent, there were no significant gender differences in the genetic factors. Moreover, because our data did not support a model which explained gender differences in the effects of specific common environment factors, no evidence was found to support the prenatal hormonal hypothesis or the existence of parenting which encouraged children's gender role personality.

DOI： 10.4992/jjpsy.80.330

DOI： 10.1017/thg.2012.131_references_DOI_D2w5lDAQByMtzgpg3DjM1TU9ils

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Other Link： https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-18330140/

Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本セックス・カウンセラー・セラピスト協会  

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2009333524

Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本性科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本セックス・カウンセラー・セラピスト協会  

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2008013585

Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本心理臨床学会  

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2007306985

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Personality Psychology  

The purpose of this study was to develop Gender Identity Scale (GIS). In previous studies, gender identity was measured as specific gender roles and/or sexual orientation that the person assumed. The new scale, however, was to measure the sense of identity with one's gender, based on the identity theory of Erikson. Participants in the preliminary study were university students, 153 women and 153 men, who completed the new scale. Several models were tested against the data: two factor, four factor, and hierarchical models. The hierarchical model, with two higher-level factors and two lower-level factors each, was the best fit. In order to examine validity of GIS, the new scale, university students, 205 women and 207 men, completed it along with such other scales as gender role, gender acceptance, and self-esteem. In addition, people with gender identity disorder, 120 MTF (male to female) and 155 FTM (female to male), responded to the scale. Results indicated that the scale had adequate validity.

DOI： 10.2132/personality.15.251

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Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/8851345

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：三田哲學會  

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This paper reviews the environmental factor (family and society) and biological factor (hormones and genetics) concerning the formation of gender identity. After that, from crossover view point between nature and nurture, it will discuss the methodology of behavior genetics, and the findings about the gender identity. So far, a number of studies have revealed that all people have their biological bias, and have challenged the biological dichotomy of men and women. Based on these findings, this paper suggests new gender concept and new point of view about sexuality education. Especially, as regards gender identity formation, it was discussed that we should not dismiss it as just the issue of particular individual (genetics), but deal with as social and environmental issues. The biological, psychological, and sociological research on gender self-formation with the interdisciplinary manner are expected to considerably shake the gender educational concept in the future.
I. はじめに : 生物学的性別とは何か?
II. ジェンダー・アイデンティティの形成要因
i) 環境の影響
a. Moneyのジェンダー・アイデンティティ研究
b. 性別割り当てとジェンダー・アイデンティティ研究
c. 家庭環境とジェンダー・アイデンティティ研究
d. 社会的な視点とジェンダー・アイデンティティ研究
ii) 生物学的な影響
a. ホルモンの影響
b. 遺伝の影響
iii) 遺伝と環境の交流点としての行動遺伝学
III. ジェンダー・アイデンティティの形成と教育
i) 旧文部省(現・文部科学省)における性教育の基本的な目標と内容(抜粋)
ii) 旧文部省の性別観とこれからの性別観
1) 生殖器の性別に基づいた性別二分法に対して
2) 性指向に関して,異性愛を前提にしていることに対して
3) 性役割に関して,固定的な性役割観を見直すことに対して
iii) ジェンダー・アイデンティティと遺伝と教育
特集教育研究の現在-教育の統合的理解を目指して-
教育心理学
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Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/8666623

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：慶應義塾大学大学院社会学研究科  

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目的
方法
結果
考察
平成17年度[慶應義塾大学]大学院高度化推進研究費助成金報告

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Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/8652516

Total pages：47p   Language：Japanese  

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Total pages：冊   Language：Japanese  

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Total pages：iv, 209p   Language：Japanese  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：福村出版  

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DOI： 10.34433/j03252.2021308051

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2021308051

Language：Japanese  

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Other Link： https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-15K16595/

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：診断と治療社  

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2020084273

Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)羊土社  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：新興医学出版社  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：へるす出版  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：医学の世界社  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：金原出版  

DOI： 10.18888/j00639.2017008890

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：金剛出版  

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2016139405

Language：Japanese   Publisher：金剛出版  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：ぎょうせい  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)日本医事新報社  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：診断と治療社  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本心理学会  

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Web of Science

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：金剛出版  

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2008248216

Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本パーソナリティ心理学会  

DOI： 10.24534/amjspp.15.0_32

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