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Committee type：Academic society

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Grant amount：\15080000 （ Direct Cost: \11600000 、 Indirect Cost：\3480000 ）

This research project has been engaged in an attempt to clarify mechanisms
and structures of representation of the "regional culture", which is generally understood as a taken-for-granted issue. Through profound investigations and empirical case studies from the perspectives of theory and history of geography, regional representation, and regional constitution, we elucidated the configuration of diverse "regional cultures" and pointed out its problems, thereby searched for the way of utilizing the concept of "regional culture" in contemporary society. As a result, we could conclude to some intellectual frameworks for understanding of the "regional culture" and suggest some conceptual guidelines to utilize it.

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Grant amount：\14560000 （ Direct Cost: \11200000 、 Indirect Cost：\3360000 ）

The subject of this research group is the geographical research of the commons. We divide researchers into three groups and intergrate their results. The group of ideas and historical research investigated some coflicting aspects of the commons in European and Japanese public spaces. The group who treated of the theoretical and methodological approachs to the commons researched the framework to study the various types of the commons(tangible and intangible), focusing on the complex relations between materialities and representations. The group of social practices research studied the power relations between the control or surveillance and the socical prcatices of the making the various commons.

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Grant amount：\16380000 （ Direct Cost: \12600000 、 Indirect Cost：\3780000 ）

In this research project, we aimed to contribute for restructuring the study of geography and gender by presenting the Japanese researchers' papers on this sub-discipline and constructing global network.
We succesfully made the following efforts; 1) hosting a pre-conference at Nara Women's University at the time of Kyoto International Geographical Congress in 2013, collaborating with the gender and geography commission in Internnationa Geographical Union. 2) inviting the two leading feminist geographers (Dr. Diviya Tolia-Kelly and Prof. Doreen Massey and successfully creating the interactive space in Japanese geographers.
We published the proceedings in 2014 under the title of "Building Global Networks through Local Sensitivities" compiling Japanese geographers contribution to Kyoto and Nara conference. We are editing the special issue on gender and geography in series B (English version) of Geographical Review of Japan which should be appeared in 2016.

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Grant amount：\17940000 （ Direct Cost: \13800000 、 Indirect Cost：\4140000 ）

Our research group studied how modern geographical concepts and discourses have contributed to the construction of modern geographical spaces and how those modern geographical spaces have in turn contributed to the formation of modern geographical concepts and discourses. In particular, we proposed to synthesize modern geographical discourses and modern geographical spaces into a new integrating concept of "geographical modernities." We investigated the construction of geographical modernities in terms of the mutual interconnection between languages and mateliality. As research output we launched three research reports, two of which are in Japanese and one in English.

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Grant amount：\18980000 （ Direct Cost: \14600000 、 Indirect Cost：\4380000 ）

In this research project, we aimed to investigate on how “the regional cultures” were produced, circulated and consumed during the modern era from cultural geographical perspective. The term “regional culture” means here not only a ‘way of life’ in a specific region but also a way how relevant region is represented by natives or others. Consequently, subject matters we covered in this study include not only the theme of tourism, folklore, folk craft, but also the events like regional exhibition, products exhibition in department store and so on. In the result, we articulated, through various case studies, some aspects of complex imbrication in the relationship among development of communication and transportation, deployment of mass media and advertising, and popularization of behavior and discourse around consumption along with the upgrowth of capitalism in the moment and contextof the manifestation of “regional culture”.

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Grant amount：\17420000 （ Direct Cost: \13400000 、 Indirect Cost：\4020000 ）

This study investigated characteristic of the spatial organization in modern and present society from perspectives of geographical thought studies, social theory studies and experimental studies with special attention to the public and the governance. As a result, studies on geographical thought, advanced theory studies and public space studies made progress. However, studies on the governance did not make advanced. Some results of this study are published in the journal of Space, Society and Geographical Thought, No.13-15.

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Grant amount：\15210000 （ Direct Cost: \11700000 、 Indirect Cost：\3510000 ）

We carried out both intensive and questionnaire research in Qingdao, China. With this materials of this research, we found out that some villages could yield huge profits out of a property development, and maintained various infrastructures such as housing, water supply, education and so on for co-villagers' member. In these villages, the logic of "equal division within co-villagers' member, and disparities between co-villagers and outsiders" permeates through regional social life. And ordinary residents, as long as they are not co-villagers but outsiders, are experiencing frequent movement in several years. Generally, they are reluctant to commit themselves to social activities in regional community.

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Grant amount：\15730000 （ Direct Cost: \12100000 、 Indirect Cost：\3630000 ）

This research project aimed to examine a representational and material process of an idea of "Kyodo(Heimat, homeland)" in the modern Japan. Our particular research interests revolved around three modalities, (1) how the idea was accepted, (2) how the idea became postulated as a stable entity in nations' geographical imagination, and (3) how various practices for the representation of the "Kyodo" took place and were developed. In so doing, we focused on a relationship between an educational system, molded up by the Ministry of Education, that invented teaching programs and materials to teach pupils geography of their own 'homeland', and other various movements such as developments of folklore and folk craft studies, discussions over a museum display of the localness, and promotion of domestic tourism. We also unveiled how the idea of "Kyodo" contributed to an anchoring of coherent local communities. The research leads us to understand various aspects of the development of the representation of "Kyodo".

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Grant amount：\17730000 （ Direct Cost: \15000000 、 Indirect Cost：\2730000 ）

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Grant amount：\45370000 （ Direct Cost: \34900000 、 Indirect Cost：\10470000 ）

1, Outline of the subjects
We have carried researches on the dynamic changes of ethnic identities and reconstruction of communities, which were brought about by the movement and migration of two areas in Asia. The main regions of the study were: Eastern Asian region, specifically China and the Korean Peninsula, and the region that includes Thailand and its neighboring areas. We also conducted a study on the Asian immigrants to France and Canada, in order to compare with the two regions of interest.
2, Outline of the research findings
(1)The importation of foreign workers to Eastern countries has been steadily expanding, which causes a delay in the institutional correspondence. Therefore, the conditions by which foreign workers are employed have large restrictions with respect to the social system or structure of the migrated country. Moreover, upon entering the country, they have no other choices but to depend upon the arrangements of brokers in many cases.
(2)The foreign workers have not only expanded their network into the society where they migrated, but also continued to maintain a close relationship with their hometown. When the access to their native country turned into their cultural capital in the migrated country, they may display the "authenticity" of their native culture at the migrated place, as the case of the ethnic businesses of South Korean immigrants in China shows.
(3)Immigrants form their community isolated from society of the migrated place in many cases. When they are placed in the inferior environment, they tend to have a strong desire to turn over their marginalized position in the society by whipping up their ethnic feeling. The case of the Korean Chinese immigrants in South Korea trying to draw a line from the main society by expressing themselves as "Chinese" who have "Korean" roots is a typical example.
(4)Some research findings also revealed the different tendencies of emigrants: the emigrants from Moon tribe in Myanmar have a strong tendency to settle down in Thai society, and the Vietnamese emigrants in Northeastern Thailand have weakened their ethnic identity as a group. This research also clearly showed that even if immigrants to Thailand are under the severe conditions, they are not necessarily crushed by the misfortune. The cities where many immigrants live are developing a polygamy-like and post-authoritarian structure, and they are expanding the space in them, where immigrants can gain new life chances.

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Grant amount：\12700000 （ Direct Cost: \12700000 ）

The main theme of historical geography has been the reconstruction of landscapes at the cross section. The characteristic of its method is to confirm the pattern and landuses of allotments from Cadastral Maps in the Meiji Period and then to compare and identify the landscape written in the records before modern times. This method has influence on history, archaeology, architectural history and so on, especially in the study of medieval cities. On the other hand, some results of the reconstruction have conflicted with the archaeological excavations. We face the problem of its reexamination. Therfore the main object of this interdisciplinary study is to try methodological reexamination of Cadastral Maps as a data to re-constitute the landscape of pre-modern cities. Its main field is Suou and Nagato Provinces, and Kinai as a sub field.
Yamaguchi had been functiond as the main city of Suou and Nagato Provinces since the Ouchi Age. Then the castle was relocated to Hagi in Nagato Province in 1609 by Terumoto Mouri. And therefore the landscape of Yamaguchi during the Ouchi Age was considered to last in many aspects to modern times. The historical materials in the Tokugawa Era and Cadastral Maps there are expected to be good data to reconstitute landscapes in the Ouchi Age.
In Kinai area, Fukuhara, its surroundings, e.g. the port of Hyogo, and so on are studied in detail.

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Grant amount：\9000000 （ Direct Cost: \9000000 ）

The base of this research is our last result. (Term of project 2000-2002, Grant-in Aid for Scientific Research (B) (1)Analysis of geographical spaces from the viewpoint of gender, Head investigator : YOSHIDA Yoko, Project number : 12480016) In our last research project, we adopted gender and feminist viewpoint for geography and examined that spaces are always produced and reproduced by gender. Based on our result, the main purpose of this research is to show various factors including gender (in other words, power relations) which influence the production and reproduction of spaces. Because the historical context of Okinawa is very different from the Japanese mainland('hondo'), it is easy to grasp power relations being reflected in the urban space of Okinawa.
YOSHIDA Yoko and KATO studied what kind of political power relations influenced pleasure areas (Kanraku-gai) where it was formed in the urban space of Okinawa in the postwar reconstruction term, by using the newspaper accounts in those days. KANDA paid attention to the sightseeing in Okinawa of the prewar term. He made sure that the gendered imaginative geography which male sightseer from hondo had reflected on Tsuji red-right district and this district strengthened a character as tourist space for men. OSHIRO did field work on Hawaiian settlers from Okinawa in Honolulu. He focused on the construction of their identity which was rooted in 'their place'. FUKUDA selected three museums where collect materials of Okinawa Battle. She pointed out each person's memories of the last war are displayed as whole memory or local memory of the area in these museums. YOSHIDA Michiyo paid attention to the migrant works from Okinawa to 'hondo', and explained the economic system over these workers. In addition, she exposed the existence of powers which include Okinawa into the external labor market of hondo.
Okinawa in the prewar term was being seen as others from hondo, and in the postwar reconstruction term U.S.Armed Forces exploited Okinawa economically and politically and the bodies of Okinawa women, too. Power relations (including gender) are being reflected in the geographical space, Okinawa. We could show it (thought it was a part) in this research project.

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Grant amount：\2700000 （ Direct Cost: \2700000 ）

This study examines the making process of regional identity and the articulating process of folk geography. Research field is set in the Ryukyu islands. I examined the concept of "Kyodo (homeland)" as the base of regional identity, at the first, in terms of thinking two aspects of it. One is the historical process of formation and another is its contemporary deployment. In mid 1900's, Ministry of Interior took the lead of "the reformation movement of rural areas". This is the very starting point of formation of "Kyodo" concept. While the academic interests in "ways of life" or "folk" affairs of rural areas became prominent in 1930's, Ministry of Education took the lead of the movement of "Kyodo" education and institutionalized study of "Kyodo" in elementary education. Education of "Kyodo" aims to chant the praises of affection to accessible living environment and make a module to invoke them, and to expand spatial scale of that module in continuity from there, then to cultivate affective sense of attachment to nation-state and national territory under imperial regime. I illustrated, here, its mechanism which goes over work operation of formalization and embodiment of affective bond to formal spatial expanse. It is though this moment that folk geography may be articulated. Next, I took a controversy around "Okinawa Initiative", a conservative manifest, in late 1990's as an example of contemporary evolution and examined a context of how regional identities were actualized and called out. As a result, I clarified that it was not only used as a political tool for contention to take hegemony of prefectural administration but also aimed to revise the perspective of history that residents of prefecture had held in common. Finally, I discussed validity of the concept of "folk" today for grasping contemporary condition of folk geography by looking into youth culture.

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Grant amount：\48750000 （ Direct Cost: \37500000 、 Indirect Cost：\11250000 ）

This study attempts to grasp the historical and structural constitutions(or formations) of modern and contemporary Japanese cities in the intersection of three vectors, universalism-nationalism-localism, in the light of rapid growth of globalization. We set our study fields in Kansai district, especially Osaka, Kyoto and Kobe and their nearby cities like Sanda and Sasayama as their peripheral areas. Also we picked up some remote regions like Okinawa, Kagoshima--especially Amami islands--, Ishikawa and other prefectures for their close historical relations with modern constitutions of Kansai metropolitan area. Moreover, we took up some important questions around Zainichi Koreans (Korean residents in Japan), Vietnamese refugee, Chinese interns or students of on-the -job training system, Brazilian labors and Japanese orphans left behind in China as our important subject matters.
Our study has two main aspects. First one is that our studies are multifaceted experimental studies which aim to comprehend the dynamism of intersection of the universal, the national, and the local both in historical and contemporary phases, and set our study fields broadly in Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe(Kei-Han-Shin) metropolitan area and other area where those have close relation with it. Our specific themes are as follows :
1)Historical formation of modern city
2)Incursion and migration of people as urban poor and formation of city
3)Urban formation as sphere
4)Cultural constitution of city
5)Rural backland and formation of city
6)Social consciousness of city : universalism, nationalism and localism
Second one is that our study is also a comprehensive regional survey, especially, focuses on Sasayama city, a unique local city which at once has a particular regional structure of industry and cultural character and has close relations with Kei-Han-Shin cities and is also an advanced example of nationwide synoecisms which called as "Great synoecism in Heisei era". These studies are comprised of some themes as follows :
1)Basic social structure of Sasayama city
2)Synoecism of towns and villages in Heisei era and regional community
3)Cultural accumulations of local city

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Grant amount：\8900000 （ Direct Cost: \8900000 ）

The purpose of this research is to make clear the gender relations investigating the process in which gendered spaces come to be constructed while verifying how geographical spaces would be gendered by adopting the concepts of gender and feminist's viewpoint for geographical research. However, in Japan, since this kind of research is behind English-speaking countries and to have common theoretical framework among investigators, we translated Feminism and Geography (Polity Press and 1993), written by G.Rose who is one of the feminist geographers in UK, which has received high evaluation in English-speaking countries. And we were able to get a rich store of knowledge (this result is already published as a translated version from Chijin-Shobou in 2001). Following the publication of our translated version, we began to translate some papers of D.Massey which develops alternative space theory in the new context after postmodern getting an assistance of research cooperators who are in graduate course (Sugiyama and Haraguchi). (This result is also publishing schedule as a translated version after a while). The research using the feminist's viewpoint is still in the early stage in Japan. In this project we had an opportunity to communicate with overseas researchers by sending our information towards the foreign countries actively and aimed also at foundation-making which develops the feminist geography of our country into the next stage. A certain degree, our goal was attained by presentations of five investigators in the academic meeting held in the foreign countries every year. Especially in 2002, four persons including a research cooperator (Yamada) made oral presentations in 3rd International Critical Geography Conference, Hungary Bekescsaba. It was very significant chance to show how Japanese geographers struggle to gender issues in the context of East Asia.

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Grant amount：\2000000 （ Direct Cost: \2000000 ）

昨年度からフィールドワークをともなう墓制・葬制に関する実態調査を進めてきたが、本年度は近代以降琉球列島において顕著なアイデンティティの構成要素となった門中制およびその紐帯の発現の場である墓地の関係を検討することに主眼を置いた。昨年度の資料調査から明らかになったいくつかの風水関連絵図の中から、昨年度から調査を行っている沖縄本島久志の「佳城絵図分金」、沖縄本島から相対的に距離を置いた久米島、上江洲家に伝わる「美里川墓之図」や「上江洲仁屋墓図」といった墓地風水絵図について、現地比定と文字テクストならびに絵図構成の分析をあわせて行い、それらの比較検討を行った。
これにより、近世末から旧慣温存期の沖縄における地方士族の墓地表象の一端が明らかになった。絵図には、現地を検分しそこで得られた情報や風水のテクストを介した判断を絵図上に描かれている。風水師の署名もあるので、誰がいつそれを作成したかも明らかになるが、絵図中のさまざまなランドマークに対する判断テクストが存在することによって、墓地付近の景観や場所を風水師がいかに解読して行ったかを理解することが可能である。また、坐向図という墓地風水絵図のジャンルのあることも明らかになった。これは墓の中心を基点にその前方(向)の方位と後背の方位(坐)とを結んだ直線を絵図の中心軸として設定し、さらに、前面と後背に広がる景観(地形・植生)をともに描写的に描いている点で特徴的である。
いかに吉地に墓所を敷設するかは、門中をめぐる一族の権威と継続性にとって、一種のオブセッションとなっていった。彼/彼女がその場所や景観をどう表象していたのか、そのことをわれわれはこれらの絵図から垣間見ることができるのである。

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Grant amount：\2000000 （ Direct Cost: \2000000 ）

すでに平成7年度および8年度において、沖縄県立図書館・博物館、琉球大学・宜野湾市教育委員会、今帰仁村歴史文化センター、名護市史編纂室をはじめ、鹿児島県立図書館、京都大学博物館など各地の所蔵機関で琉球・沖縄を含む絵図・地図類の現地調査を推進した。この実績を踏まえ、平成9年度には上記以外の調査対象所蔵機関に範囲を拡大すると同時に、国内最大の古地図コレクションを有する神戸市立博物館で研究協力者の協力をえて、集中的な調査を実施した。各機関では古地図を熟覧すると同時に、地図の全体あるいは細部の写真撮影を行い、記載されている地名や文字注記などの確実な地図情報を地図目録カードに整理した。これらの情報を最大限に利用してデータ・ベースに集大成すると同時に、研究成果報告書『琉球・沖縄古地図資料集成』を公刊すべく作業を推進している。なお、こうした研究計画を進めるため、得られた古地図情報を実際にパソコンにインプットするための研究打合せ会を開催し、問題点を摘出しながらより完全なデータ・ベースの完成を目指している。

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Grant amount：\8000000 （ Direct Cost: \8000000 ）

In our research work for three years, disasters and reconstruction on the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake were analyzed considering the relationship between both natural conditions and economic and social conditions, particularly urban formation. A final report including most of our research work was published in March 1999, and the summary is as follows.
1. With regard to disaster analysis of Kobe, topographical classification maps were made, and using them it was clarified that topography and residential damages are closely related. Disaster deaths, residential damages, and natural conditions also had the relationship which was quite different by region. Temporal residential mobility due to the earthquake was notable in inner city areas, and poor and old-age people.
2. About reconstruction analysis, mobility of many tenants of damaged offices in Central Kobe to areas around and outside Kobe was still related to agglomeration function of Central Kobe. Taking two inner city regions in Kobe, it was shown that experience of disasters by the World War II and the earthquake damages are related. Reconstruction in towns in Awaji Island was different from reconstruction in Kobe urban areas.
3. Using historical maps, the relationship between remains of farm ponds and residential damages was analyzed, but clear results were not found. Data of map use by newspapers of the earthquake disasters was collected, and its significance and limitation were pointed out.
It is the remaining task for us to add research work using many and new statistics and reports concerning to the Earthquake, and proceed more intensive and analytic approach on wider regions, for example total Kobe and Hanshin regions.

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Grant amount：\41200000 （ Direct Cost: \41200000 ）

To comprehend the position of Kumejima in Okinawan Culture, this group pursued its studies in the following two lines : the one is to analyze the 2,000 MSS and printed sources in the newly unlocked 4 private house archives in Kumejima (the Uezus, the Yoshihamas, the Yosenagas, the Miyagis) ; and the other is to do field-work in the isle's village rituals conducted by groups of 'divine women'.
This research group, consisting of diverse scholars including experts in pre-modern household encyclopedias of China and. Japan, has reconstructed the daily activities of the isle's literati ; their intermediary roles between varied Ying-Yang schools of thought of East-Asia.
The results obtained are as follows : 1. Te major concern of those literati was the knowledge of divining proper dates for grave undertakings, of geomancy, and of medicine. This made them collect a broad-range of Japanese and Chinese books for daily use besides Chinese classics, the variety of which is impressive if compared with those of the private archives in other Okinawan isles such as Ishigakijima ; 2. The house masters, local magistrates themselves, while dependent on those divining books, conducted house rituals, such as ancestor worship or prayer for the fire god, and it was on such occasions that the 'divine women', most of whom were such masters' relatives, were to be involved and their intermediary talents tended to attach to male literati's somewhat bookish decisions meanings in the indigenous spiritual world. This point has been proved by the newly found numerous records of family prayers which were found in these archives.
Relating to the above 2., the symbolism in the space-structure of the houses and gardens that were used for such rituals has been studied in details. In addition, this research group examined many fragments of ceramics, which had been found on the surface of the isles' various medieval castle mounds, and reached the conclusion that many were trading goods coming mainly from l3th-&-l4th-century China.

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Grant amount：\2100000 （ Direct Cost: \2100000 ）

本年度は昨年度の成果を継承しながら、所蔵機関ごとに分担して,近世以降を中心とする(1)ヨーロッパ系および東アジア系の世界図、日本図、中国図などのマクロ・スケール図、(2)琉球図、南西諸島航海図などのメソ・スケール図、(3)風水図、地籍図などのミクロ・スケール図、の3カテゴリーの古地図の熟覧調査とカード化、ならびにスライド撮影を可能なかぎり行なった。具体的な機関は、京都大学文学部博物館(金山担当)、鹿児島県立図書館・福岡市博物館(平岡担当)、沖縄県立博物館・図書館(町田・大城担当)、神戸市立博物館・平良市総合博物館(長谷川担当)などである。とくに平良市総合博物館では、従来報告されていなかった明治30年代の1/1,200地籍図(153点)を悉皆調査し、スライドに納めた。
これらの成果は目録カードで整理のうえ、データベース化を推進しつつある。また平成8年11月には神戸市立博物館において班研究会を開催し、貴重な琉球関連古地図を熟覧して討議を重ね、さらに12月には全体会議において「古地図に描かれた琉球」と題してスライドを多用した報告(長谷川)を行なった。
今後は、未調査の全国の主要古地図所蔵機関、とりわけ沖縄県の市町村レヴェルでの調査を継続し、より完全な古地図データベース化を目指すことにしたい。

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