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Grant amount：\5850000 （ Direct Cost: \4500000 、 Indirect Cost：\1350000 ）

On May 24, 2019, Taiwan enforced the first law to establish same-sex marriage in Asia, and by the end of May 2021, 6098 same-sex couples had been married. In this study, as in Japan, Taiwan, which has expelled homosexuals from the legal space, explored the factors behind why it came to have the first same-sex marriage law in Asia, and analyzed the characteristics of the path that Taiwan followed.
As a result, it was found that there are macro factors such as maturity of democracy and civil society, achievement of gender equality, regular change of government, sound constitutional review system, the link between the value freedom and human rights and Taiwan identity. Conversely, in China, where all of these are lacking, it is difficult to eliminate sexually oriented discrimination in marriage.

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Grant amount：\19240000 （ Direct Cost: \14800000 、 Indirect Cost：\4440000 ）

The labour movement in China has not developed itself as an independent and independent society like the western civil society, but it relies heavily on the legal, political and institutional frameworks of the socialist market economy. Clarification of this labor movement largely depends on these institutional frameworks and the external environment of the Party=State system, and therefore the project has mainly been implimented by (1)inviting researchers and activists from China to the workshops and lectures, and (2) in support of the Institute of Contemporary China Studies, Meiji University as a research base, exchanging intermediate results and discussions within the research organizations inside as well as outside Japan. The project finally highlighted on the specific relationships and the actual conditions of the labour society in China.

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Grant amount：\3250000 （ Direct Cost: \2500000 、 Indirect Cost：\750000 ）

Family law issues regarding LGBT people include: first, (1)gay marriage and its legality, (2)related issue of adoption, and then, (3) employment discrimination, (4)possible pension and social security, (5)succession etc.
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Generally the situation in East Asia that focuses on only gender indentity disorder patients, is far behind that of the USA and European countries, except Taiwan.In this research, pragmatic solutions to overcome these obstacles and predicaments, should be pursued pragmatically.Furthermore, the theoretical foundation that matches with LGBT people, should be examined, compared to prevalent critical feminist theories such as cultural feminism and power-relationship feminism. Then, the post-structural theory should be focused as the criticism of gender-role feminism, on the one hand,while liberty oriented theory should be criticized as neo-classical theory: thus, the context-dependent theory that should be attentive to vulnerable LGBT people should be pursued.

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Grant amount：\17030000 （ Direct Cost: \13100000 、 Indirect Cost：\3930000 ）

The discrimination problem in China is extremely diverse and is characterized in that it is structured by the public system. A typical example is discrimination by the type of Hukou（Household registration）, gender, sexual orientation and handicapped or not. The characteristics of China's discrimination problem can be found in the following points.
(1) As a matter of course, they do not recognize "discrimination" as we treat it as "differentiated" by "difference". (2) Treat differences as personal level issues and do not regard it as an institutional or structural phenomenon. (3) a weak point of view for recognizing the independence of the person being discriminated, a benefit from above Stay on crying out as a slogan. (4) The mechanism for specifically redressing discrimination through legal channels is not effective.

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Grant amount：\3250000 （ Direct Cost: \2500000 、 Indirect Cost：\750000 ）

Conversion to a right protection model started rapidly after 2000 in Taiwan where I belonged to Invisible model in sexual minority legal system type, and determination was judged from approving marriage legally during the same sex by constitution interpretation of the judicialyuan in important regulations government post of May, 2017 via a homogeneous partner family census register notation account system in an autonomous body in 2015. On the other hand an invisible model is still continued in China and a change has not started. A Taiwanese facelift was brought by the following factor.(1) The national mainstream has a strong commitment to the Western modern value (liberalism, human rights and constitutionalism principle) mainly by young people.(2) Support a background of the Taiwan consciousness that the Western modern value is opposed against China.(3) A social movement by LGBT led by female movement.

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Grant amount：\211380000 （ Direct Cost: \162600000 、 Indirect Cost：\48780000 ）

This project focused on the legal information of Japan, China, Korea and Taiwan (CJKT) and aspired to promote mutual in-depth understanding and study of comparative law. The results are as follows. The project developed through the CJKT collaboration an information sharing environment where 140,000 bilingual pairs (the original language and English) of statutes of the CKT, the digital images of Japan's English Official Gazette and 160,000 pairs of its bilingual text, and 13,000 entries of the standard translation dictionary of legal terms of the CJKT are compiled. The project developed the approaches for machine translation and the document type definition of Japanese statutes. The project learned the practice of Korea and the EU for "plain law" and developed a model of the "LawPack," an information package to enhance the knowledge of a particular legal topic. The "eLen" system with 980,000 rules of Japanese local governments made the crossover search on the stored data possible.

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Grant amount：\3380000 （ Direct Cost: \2600000 、 Indirect Cost：\780000 ）

Although, like Japan, there is a tendency to overemphasize confession in Taiwan, during the revision to the code of criminal procedure in 1998, a new policy was introduced which requires recording of the interrogation conducted by the police and the prosecution. The recording of the full process of interrogation is now taken as a matter of course at the practice level. However, it does not mean that breach of duty had been completely eradicated. Therefore the admissibility of the investigation report is still an issue during the criminal litigation when a breach of duty occurs. In that sense, how to treat the investigation report that failed to follow the new policy has become a matter of concern. On the other hand, there is no proof that the "visualization" of the interrogation process had made it difficult for suspects to confess, and there is no evidence to suggest any disadvantage by introducing this policy.

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Grant amount：\43030000 （ Direct Cost: \33100000 、 Indirect Cost：\9930000 ）

Our research revealed the new horizon of East-Asian competition laws.(1) Subjects of competition policy of high-tech industries in the East-Asian countries are as important as the subjects of the same policy of the same industries in the U.S. or EU; high-tech industries are software, IP business 、 Telecom and so on. Samsung & Apple Patent Infringement Cases are good examples. Infringement actions by Samsung are abuses of the FRAND declared patents and it`s infringement actions are also against the competition laws of the most countries. (2) Struggles against impediments for competitive market economy like state-owned enterprises, family-owned large business-group, government oriented bit-rigging are unique and inherent subjects of East-Asian competition laws.
East-Asian competitions laws are integration of advanced subjects of high-tech industry and unique subjects of old impediments for competitive market economy. The new horizon of East-Asian competition laws are now appeared.

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Grant amount：\42510000 （ Direct Cost: \32700000 、 Indirect Cost：\9810000 ）

By focusing on the civil society which is being formed between the state and the market, this research has clarified the mechanism that has connected the authoritarian politics and the market economy in China. Private sector organizations have been deliberately placed in a precarious legal status and are only allowed to act voluntarily by chance, which means that the society has been domesticated by the politics. The CCP has infiltrated not only the state and the market, but also the society. As a result, it continues to rule China as if it is capable of covering the whole country.
However, the friction between the political system and the economic system, like worsening environment and labor problems, discrimination, the weak and food safety issues, has caused an increasing external diseconomy. It is urgent to present a valid prescription for this situation. A scenario to resolve the mismatch through the democratization of politics is yet to be found.

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Grant amount：\21320000 （ Direct Cost: \16400000 、 Indirect Cost：\4920000 ）

The subject of this research was analyzing historically the system of control over justice in China, Vietnam, Russia and the countries in Central Asia, and comparing the result. We considered control over justice as actions of persons who bear the legislature, the executive or the judiciary of the State, and influential persons in the ruling party to control the judiciary, directly or indirectly, in order to implement certain specific policies of the State or the ruling party. We took up personnel matters regarding judges, supervisory review system, Supreme Court guidelines on application of laws, court budget and other systems related to control over justice as the system of control over justice, and showed clearly that these systems were functioning as a channel of control over justice.

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Grant amount：\50570000 （ Direct Cost: \38900000 、 Indirect Cost：\11670000 ）

(1) The project developed Bilingual KWIC. The project worked with Chung Cheng University of Taiwan to develop a Taiwan Law database (Chinese-English). The experimental database has been developed and made public. The project and the Ministry of Government Legislation of Korea pursued a joint project to develop a Bilingual KWIC of Korean Law (Korean-English). An experimental database was completed and is shared by the project and the ministry. The basis for comparative analysis of legal concepts in the region of Chinese characters is now ready for use. (2) The project digitalized the Official Gazette (English edition) and the result was published in PDF format. The work to convert the data into searchable data is on-going. The refined data will be used to improve the quality of the standard translation dictionary. (3) The project researched the possibility to support the process (drafting of bills, legislative changes to bills, publication and to amendments) by the information technology and, to integrate the statutory database into this e-legislation system. (4) The project clarified the list of headings to be compared (i.e. legislative history, social context, and so forth) and examined the method to generate compact and relevant annotations to laws. (5) The project began digitalization of Japanese translation of European laws during the late-19^<th> century. The Boassonade Draft of the Japanese Civil Code was digitalized and made public. The minutes of legislative process to amend the Old Civil Code to produce the New Civil Code were digitalized and the work to link the data to each provision is on-going.

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Grant amount：\3200000 （ Direct Cost: \3200000 ）

本年度は3年間にわたる本研究の締めくくりの年であり、幸い2010年10月から半年間、職場からサバティカル休暇を与えられたため、そのほとんどの期間を国立台湾大学法律学院に滞在し、研究を効率的に進めることができた。本研究に関して具体的には以下のような実績を得た。(1)司法制度や訴訟制度改革、刑事取り調べ過程の可視化、刑事取引制度導入をめぐる議論、制度の詳細、その導入後の運用実態、効果とメリット、デメリット、他の方面への影響などにつき、資料収集を行うとともに、以下の実務家、研究者に対してヒヤリング調査を行った。司法院大法官(蔡清遊)、司法院刑事庭(林俊益庭長)、板橋地方検察署(蔡碧玉署長)、民間司法改革基金会(林正峰執行長、弁護士)、顧立雄弁護士(萬国法律事務所)、王兆鵬・台湾大学法律学院教授、陳運財・東海大学法学院教授。(2)大法官会議における憲法解釈の実情につき、元大法官の廖義男(現世新大学教授)氏および学者出身の現役大法官である李振山、陳春生氏に対してインタビューを行い、大法官会議の具体的な運用実態につき調査を行った。(3)以下のように台湾各地の大学で研究成果について講演する機会を得て、各大学の研究者、院生と議論をすることにより、研究成果の検証を図った。台湾大学、淡江大学、輔仁大学(以上、台北)、東海大学、中興大学、静宜大学(以上、台中)、高雄大学、中山大学、中正大学(以上、高雄)の各法学院など。(4)研究を総括するための論文執筆の準備を進めるとともに、台湾法史に関する定番的な概説書である王泰升『台湾法律史概論』(元照出版、2009年)を邦訳し、日本で出版する作業を進めた。後者は北大出版会から2011年度中には出版される見込みである。

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Grant amount：\4680000 （ Direct Cost: \3600000 、 Indirect Cost：\1080000 ）

Public media (radio and television) in Poland are functioning in the form of joint-stock companies, the only stockholder of which is the National Treasury. Their institutional design is based on the pluralistic approach aimed at reflection of various opinions in society on broadcasting. However public media are criticized because of their "politicization" in the sense that political parties share the influence on TV and radio programs through their powers in personnel affairs. On the other hand, public media, especially television, financially depend largely on income from advertisement whereas the payment rate of fee (abonament), the other important financial source, is more and more decreasing. The result of this is "commercialization" of public media. Recently the new institutional concepts have been sought in order to overcome such a critical situation, but for the time being only piecemeal solution has been realized.

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Grant amount：\14170000 （ Direct Cost: \10900000 、 Indirect Cost：\3270000 ）

Up to 2009, the number of formally registered social organizations has reached 431,069 (including 237,847 social groups, 190,479 private non-enterprise units, and 1843 foundations). However, there are far more unregistered organizations with precarious legal status that are active in the dark. The background of this issue is that during establishment, the permit procedures carried out by the competent authorities and the registrations made by the civil affairs departments have formed a dual administrative system, by which the hurdle of registration has been raised. About the freedom of association, the actual situation is that the principle that 'everything which is not allowed isforbidden' has been applied, and 'prohibition of association' which is contrary to the provisions of the constitution has become a principle. Currently, the debate about the legislation of social organizations is being carried on. However, how to invigorate social organizations, while maintaining a tight political control in order to prevent them from causing dissent, is a self-contradictory question that cannot be easily answered by a concrete system. In a bad legal environment, and under the rule of the Communist Party, social organizations have achieved the function of adjustment of interests which have become more and more pluralistic in Market Economy, the function of social self-adjustment, the function of service delivery which is difficult for the administration, the function of (some sort of) "political participation', as well as the function of public welfare, and thus have some kind of effects on tension relief in China, which lacks political democracy.

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Grant amount：\44720000 （ Direct Cost: \34400000 、 Indirect Cost：\10320000 ）

The East-Asian Common Competition Law ought so far to be established by administrative competition law, not by judicial competition law. Because of the requirements for the regulation of competition restraints involved by governmental practice, strongly enforcing authorities is required for rather than politically independent authorities. And even global standards of competition laws might be composed of cartel regulation, monopoly conduct regulation and M & A regulation, the East-Asian Common Competition Lawshould be based on the regulation of unfair trade practice or unfair competition practice and regulation of misuse of dominant market position.

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Grant amount：\65910000 （ Direct Cost: \50700000 、 Indirect Cost：\15210000 ）

The research objective of this project was, while grasping a chained formation of legal order in the encounter/permeation/transformation of different legal systems as <the creole of law> which is itself subjective and incessant creation of law, to construct an integrated model of <the creole of law> which can articulate the multi-dimensional interaction of the four dimensions in value, action, institution, and integration for the cooperative dynamics of legal problem-solution, with thereby carrying out active theoretical and experiential analyses of the various historical-institutional cases in East Asia, Western Europe, North America, and Japan which hold certain homology in terms of legal formation. After intensive research for five years, a general model of <the creole of law> was shown as the dynamic framework of legal formation which includes on one hand the three creole processes such as legal subjectivization, legal transformation, and legal amalgamation and on the other hand the development of the human drive of interpretive agency ; based on which the change of the mode of legal creole is theoretically and experientially demonstrated as depending the variations of legal problem-contexts such as the oppression from the ruling to the ruled, the pressure from the invading to the invaded, and the flow from the influential to the influenced.
This result attains a novel dynamic viewpoint for researching the universal interactive process of different legal systems which has been neglected by existing legal scholarship ; which is to be shortly published in the book entitled as "The Interaction of Different Laws and Its Aspects". Also in the process of this research, the network of relevant scholars in Japan and other parts of the world has been created and the archive of relevant books and articles been constructed for the new world-wide research forum on the creole of law.

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Grant amount：\13400000 （ Direct Cost: \13400000 ）

In 2004, "The 5th East Asian Simposium for Philosophy of Law" was held in Sapporo. Over a hundred scholars participated from Continent China, Korea, and Taiwan as well as from inside of Japan. In this conference, it was decided that in 2006 The 6th East Asian Simposium will be held in Taipei(Taiwan University), and at the same time the East Asian Association for Philosophy of Law will be founded. As the representative of an founder committee, Imai who was a representative of this project was picked.
In 2005, the 6th East Asian Simposium for Philosophy of Law was held in Taipei (Taiwan University). There was a participant more than 150 including China, Korea, Taiwan others. And Imai was picked to the chief director. Thus the collaboration system for research for East Asian philosophy of law that we aimed for is completed, and big possibility will be guaranteed.
In 2006, we invited two professoers (Souli Zhuu/ Chang Qi) from Peking University and held a simposium (("Das lebendige Recht" in China and the law formation through "the judicial process")) in Nagoya University and Hokkaido University in September. In addition, I invited Prof. Nii Zhengmao (Shanghai University) and held "a neighborhood protest movement in Shanghai and the civic culture in law.

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Grant amount：\3300000 （ Direct Cost: \3300000 ）

アジア法学会(安田信之・名古屋大学教授・代表理事)の理事会、事務局、運営委員などの執行部を中心メンバーとして、科学研究費補助金特定領域研究「日本発アジア法研究の構築」(鈴木賢・北海道大学教授・領域代表、略称・日本発アジア法)を平成17年度から発足させるべく、そのための申請調書を70部作成し、2004年11月、文部科学省に申請を行った。
同プロジェクトは各班の研究代表からなる総括班のほかに、方法論、法領域、国別・地域別法という3つのカテゴリーのもとに、合計13の研究班を設け、総勢55名(研究分担者)の研究者を全国から組織して取り組まれることとなった。これは発足したばかりのアジア法学会が関連分野の研究者の協力を得て、学会を挙げて取り組むもので、明治以来の日本の法学がもっていた欧米中心主義をラディカルに反省し、日本から世界に向けてアジアの法を理論的、実証的に提示しようとする野心的な試みである。このプロジェクトを立ち上げるために、2004年6月のアジア法学会(東京)、同年7月30日の小樽商科大学での打ち合わせ会議、同年11月のアジア法学会(東京)、2005年3月5日の長崎での打ち合わせ会議を開催したほか、日常的には電子メール、電話、FAXなどにより連絡を取り合い、申請調書の作成を進めた。また、アジア法学会のニューズレターの発行、パンフレットの発行準備を進め、ホームページをリニューアルさせ、プロジェクトが採択されれば、すぐに研究をスタートさせられる体勢作りを行った。

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Grant amount：\28210000 （ Direct Cost: \21700000 、 Indirect Cost：\6510000 ）

This study is about the transfiguration of judicial functioning and its impacts on legal training system in three Eastern Asian countries.
1)Korea: Though, Korea was ahead of Japan in planning the law school system, it was not implemented, because it was opposed by persons in the legal professional and legal educational circles. But, after Japan, Korea decided to introduce her style of law school. What is distinctive in the system of Korea's law school is that the numbers of establishing law schools and their staffs are determined by a counting backward from number of persons, who passed the final bar exams, and schools, which establish law schools, would abolish the already existing school of law.
2)Taiwan: The numbers of litigation have also increased and upgrading the quality of judicial system are matters of great urgency. Consequently, reform of judicial training is an issue under debate. Since 2005, there has been rapid emergence of the plan to introduce Japanese style of law school and there are reports that both Ministry of Justice and Ministry of Education have determined to adopt this plan. The Universities simultaneously expressed disapproval of the plan and the process got stuck.
3)China: Although the Unified Bar Exam has been introduced, the quality of legal profession has not been progressive in due course and what is even worse is that there is serious in lack of legal professions in the remote areas. After the introduction of independence of judicial branch, the judges have not respected the principle of judicial independence in due course. There have been some debates about the problems of interference of judicial independence by the Judicial Committee, the internal inquiry system in the courts and the committee of politics and law of the Communist Party.

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Grant amount：\3600000 （ Direct Cost: \3600000 ）

(1)日本国内での資料収集、資料解読、分析作業を継続するとともに、台湾を訪問し台湾大学法律学院、政治大学法学院、東呉大学法学院などでヒヤリング、ワークショップを開催し、台湾の民主化と法変動に関して情報収集し、あわせて意見交換を行った。最近の大胆な改革措置が実現する政治プロセス、学界での議論について日本との比較の視角から考察した。とくに刑事訴訟の基本的枠組みの当事者主義化(いわゆる交互尋問方式)、取り調べ過程の透明化(取り調べ過程の録音義務化、弁護士の立ち会い権保障など)にむけた法改正、実務の変動を重点的に検討した。成果はすでに「法学セミナー」2004年11月号の特集「韓国・台湾の司法改革に学ぶ」に一部を公表し、本格的な論説を準備している。台湾の改革のテンポは大胆で、日本にとっても参考になる点が多く、日本の学界でも注目を集めている。
(2)最近、台湾で開催されるようになった中国大陸の学者との両岸法学シンポジウムに2回参加し、中国語圏の学者間で対話がいかに進められているか、相互にいかなる影響を与えあっているかについて実地に見聞した。中国大陸から戦後、移転した台湾東呉大学法学院では積極的に中国との交流を続けているが、シンポジウムを開催する度に、出席の機会を与えてくれるようになり、台湾での両岸接触という貴重な場面に立ち会うことができるようになっている。今年度は民法典編纂にともなう問題、法学教育の改革についてシンポジウムが開かれ、議論に参加した。

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Grant amount：\10000000 （ Direct Cost: \10000000 ）

In this research project, we tried at the first stage to search various significant materials in order to make relevant focuses on the research points for each member ; then at the second stage we tried to analyze the multi-level workings of the process of the creole of cultures and the structuration of law (We distinguished the dimensions of value, society, and institutional histories, and further did for the last dimension the Asian context, the European context, the American context, and the Japanese context.) ; and at the final stage we tried to integrate those various explorations by each member in a comprehensive scheme.
As to the dimension of value, we explicated the role of connected critic in society and its role for the process of the permeation of values, concerning the transference of values and the change of the constitutional structure of society. As to the dimension of society, we explicated the factors for the disturbing gap between legal ideas in the state and social culture, with focusing on the paradoxical process of self-absorption in the popular protest against the dominance of the "empire". As to the dimension of institutional histories, we firstly explicated for Asia the possibility of the connection between two types of legal cultures, one the culture of gradation and the other culture of discontinuity, especially through the Chinese experience ; secondly explicated for Europe the vital interests of the noble class in the process of the establishment of the Carolina Criminal Code in the 15th century Germany ; thirdly explicated for the US the significance of the consensus on the rule of law and liberty rights in the multi-religious conflict situation today ; and finally explicated for Japan the process of the interpretive adaptation of the Chinese legal system by the noble poet-lawyers in the 6th century Heian period.

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Grant amount：\7500000 （ Direct Cost: \7500000 ）

This research aimed to investigate the commonality of civil law of East Asian countries (Japan, Taiwan, Korea, China)and the possibility of the formation of an East Asia Legal Family.
The research results are to be summarized as follows.
1.Korean jurisprudence and civil law is continuously influenced from Japan, and also from German after World War II.
2.We also researched the revised Korean Company Law and the draft of new Korean Civil Code.
3.As for law on unjust enrichment, Korean law is mainly based on Japanese law, while the law of other countries (Manchukuo, Taiwan) are influenced by Japan, Germany, and Switzerland.
4.Inheritance law of Taiwan is under strong influence of theories in Japan and of German law.
5.Tort law of Korea, especially the field of personal injury, is very similar to that of Japan save several differences based on the difference of a role of social security.
6.These researches tell us that the law of East Asian countries are under strong influence of the law of European countries and Japan. The influence from case law countries is very weak.
We should be able to classify the law of China, Korea, Taiwan, and Japan under the name of East Asia law in the future.

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Grant amount：\13600000 （ Direct Cost: \13600000 ）

This project aims at investigating the reason for and the current state of the reorganization of China's national system. For this purpose we conducted extensive interviews at national and local legislative bodies, administrative agencies, courts, prosecutor's offices, and universities and other research institutions in six major cities in China.
The findings of these interviews suggest such facts as follow. First, in view of the realization of small government in response to rising market economy (if within the basic framework of the one party rule), the optimization of administrative sturcture, the reorganization and simplification of the competence of governmental offices, and the drastic personnel cuts are proceeding apace. We, however, could not fully reveal the extent to which the reform has proceeded in localities. Second, courts and prosecutor's office in coastal big cities have made an effort to improve the qualities of judges and prosecutors. As a result the groups of professional lawyers, on whose shoulders the independence of the judiciary rests, are arising. The reform efforts are complicated : courts are anxious to establish the legitimacy of trials ; prosecutor's offices are considering the possibility to return to the Soviet system of general supervision and some western local cities have difficulty in securing enough competent lawyers, who could carry out reforms. Third, several universities' law departments have established new graduate master courses for the purpose of training specialists in the law profession. In addition to this, a new state law examination, which requires a bachelor degree from its candidate, urges universities to fulfill a greater role in training legal professionals. In sum, because these reform efforts have just begun, it will take several years for China to reach a stable national legal system.
This project has laid solid foundations for a scholarly exchange and the further investigation.

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Grant amount：\15500000 （ Direct Cost: \15500000 ）

We have reached a conclusion that "the possibility (or impossibility) of a common East Asian Law" would provide us with the best approach to the current legal situation of East Asian from the perspective of modem jurisprudence. Through discussions at several international workshops and symposiums, this has become the proposition we, the participants in this project from various countries, share in common. This perspective of East Asian common law contains : first, a comparative historical point of view based on history of law and of philosophy of law ; second, a comparative cultural point of view on the difference between East Asia and West Europe concerning the current state of law ; and third ,a rough road map for East Asia in future to get a regional common law following the example of EU.
At the inception of the project we have organized just Japanese and Korean scholars. But in the past three years we succeeded in establishing a soild netowrk of jurists of various uninversities in Japan, Korea, China, and Taiwan including the University of Peking, Shanghai, Taiwan, and so on. Particularly in the final year of the project, we further developed the network to contain not only scholars but also lawyers and other legal professionals in economic law (such as several leaders of the Korean Fair Trade Commission) and held a series of international conferences in Shanghai, Soul, and Sapporo to integrate scholarly and practical viewpoints.
In sum by focusing on "the search for East Asian common law in the age of globalism", we have successfully established a foundation for the future cooperation among jurists and law professionals from various countries and for the further development of this project.

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Grant amount：\2100000 （ Direct Cost: \2100000 ）

I.2001年8月3日〜9日、勤務先と交流協定を結んでいる国立台湾大学法律学院を拠点として、ヒヤリング、資料収集、情報交換を行った。近時、急速に進展しつつある司法制度改革のうち、法曹のあり方について統計資料、改革にむけた動向、提言についての文献を収集した。台湾でもここ数年、急速に弁護士や司法官(裁判官、検察官)の数を増やしており、社会における司法の役割を拡大しようとしていることを確認した。また、台湾大学教授で司法制度改革をリードしている邱聯恭教授にインタビューし、1999年に出された司法改革行動計画のその後の実施状況、直面する問題などにつき情報を得た。台湾でも民主化の総仕上げとして、司法改革が熱心に取り組まれているが、日本とも共通する点が多く、非西洋法国における近代化の比較につき知見を深めることができた。II.国内でも台湾法に関する網羅的な基本的な文献の収集につとめた。日本では台湾法に関する研究がこれまでほとんどなされていなかったが、この研究を通じて台湾法研究の基本的文献を北海道大学に備えることができたのは、今後の研究に礎をすえたものといえる。III.2002年1月18日、香港城市大学において開催された「第4回東アジア法哲学シンポジウム」全体会議で、「東アジア法系の成立可能性について」というテーマで報告し、参加者と討論を行った。報告には台湾、中国の学者から多くの質問が提起され、広く関心を集めることができた。これは台湾法の東アジアにおける位置を中心とするもので、本研究の主要な成果である。さらに成果の一応のまとめとして、西洋流の司法制度が台湾社会にどのように根付いて、機能しているのかについて論文の執筆を進めている。本稿は比較法学会の会員を中心に進めている『法曹の法社会学』(広渡清吾編、東京大学出版会)に掲載する予定である。

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Grant amount：\2300000 （ Direct Cost: \2300000 ）

中国において進行しつつある民事裁判の手法を抜本的に改革する動きについて、引き続き研究を進めた。改革が行われる背景・動機、改革が行われる以前の実態、改革の論理・進歩状況、改革を阻む要因、今後の方向性・着地点、理論的意味づけ、法文化と関連させた考察などに関して論文を脱稿した。「中国における市場化による『司法』の析出-法院の実態、改革、変容の諸相-」として小森田秋夫編『市場経済化の法社会学』(有信堂)に収録されて、2000年中には出版の見込みである。さらに今年度は、台湾大学法学院において中国大陸法研究の台湾における第一人者である王泰銓教授の指導を受けながら、台湾における中国司法制度研究の動向ついて資料を収集し、台湾大学、政治大学、中国文化大学などの研究者からレビューを受けたりした。また、台湾での中国大陸との交流の窓口である「海峡交流基金会」での中国法セミナーに出席し、討論に加わった。3月には(財)平和基金会(李明峻主任)でも、中国司法改革について意見交換し、台湾でも進みつつある司法改革との比較研究を行った。
以上のような作業を通じて、これまで中国大陸からの視点に偏っていた知見に、同じ漢民族でありながら、日本植民地支配を経験し、その後の国民党資本主義体制の元で、西洋法化が格段に進んだ台湾人の視角を付加することができ、事態をより立体的に捉えることができるようになった。台湾の民事訴訟学者は中国大陸には、立証に失敗したときのリスク配分という意味での挙証責任という問題が存在していないということを理解していること知り、自説の正当性に自信を深めることができた。総じて、今期はこれまでの一応の成果を論文にまとめることができ、加えてこの研究課題を次の発展につなげるために大いに視野を拡大することができた。

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Grant amount：\10600000 （ Direct Cost: \10600000 ）

The legal consciousness and system of a nation is influenced by its history, philosophy, culture, tradition, economy and so forth. The 1997 economic crisis in Korea alerted the people and brought about radical reforms in its legal system. These reforms stressed the need to open the domestic market to overseas. In order to rectify the corrupted relations of the big businesses with politicians and bureaucrats, those reforms innovated laws regarding security dealings, fair dealings and labor protection.
The on-going structural reforms in economy will be conducive to a more globalized and market-oriented Korea. The existent commercial practice based on the traditional legal consciousness, and the business-bureaucrat collusion can no longer be sustainable. In that case even if the 'Asian values' remain valid, they should not function as the media of the anti-market and anti-globalism sentiments. Because 'Asian values' often result in nepotistic business practices and cost the society much, they are not inherently better in terms of human dignity than globalization which tends to engender the oft-cruel market competitions.
And yet, the market society is likely to provide lucky and talented people with fair chances and freedom in business activity. It may well lead to the one where the clever and lucky people with endless desires for money and power would dominate economy. Therefore some proper surveillance and guidance is necessary to bring about free and fair competitions. Such competitions might result in a widening gap between the rich and the poor and in an excessive belief in achievements. In order to moderate and overcome those consequences of the market economy, the renewal of the 'Asian (communitarian) values' should be sought. More specifically, the 'Asian values' re-conceptualized as the principle of fraternity are expected to help build a society with higher moral.

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Grant amount：\12900000 （ Direct Cost: \12900000 ）

We commonly try to analyze how Japan and Korea preserve their cultural and national identity in the age of globalization. We have set two points of view, one from the philosophy of law and the other from economic law. The study group from the latter perspective has focused on a Korean economic law that functions as the rule of competition for regulating big business combines. When Korea solicited the financial aid of the IMF to ease an economic crisis in 1997, it was demanded a fundamental reform of its economic system. As a result the economic law regulates the domination of companies by business combines through family partnership and their obsolete business customs. Despite of this reform, Korean economy is still deeply rooted in the Confucianistic family system and collectivism based on localized communities. This fundamental characteristic hinders the Korean economic system from conforming itself easily to the western standard centering America. If Korea has no way to avoid the liberalization of trade and capital transfer under the WTO regime, the country is now facing both the demand of institutional reform and a philosophical question regarding its legal system. The question is whether Korea should liquidate its traditional culture as a negative inheritance or it should mould its own standard for international competition out of its unique past.
Rejecting an easy answer, the second study group on the philosophy of law has dealt with this question for the promotion of a better understanding of the fundamental cultural factors in the law systems of Japan and Korea. Through those studies we have found it possible to "relativize" both Western Universalism and Asian Values and "deconstruct" post-modernity in East Asia. The result was attained partly because of the interdisciplinary perspective of this project asking the participation of the specialists in economic law.

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Grant amount：\1100000 （ Direct Cost: \1100000 ）

予定していた裁判の独立をめぐる理論と現実の分析と、社会保障法の変容・改革の分析の二つの領域につき、それぞれ以下のような実績を得た。前者についてはここ1〜2年の現実の急激な変動の大きさを消化しきれず、論文の形で成果を公表するには至らなかったが、資料収集・整理の面で長足の進展をみた。新たに制定された弁護士法、裁判官法、検察官法、刑事訴訟法などの概要、理論面での変動について、多くの情報を収集することができた。人民法院の建国以来の歴史的変遷を踏まえて、少なくとも3編の論文にまとめるべく、情報の整理、論文構想の段階に入っている。後者については、96年度の比較法学会社会主義法部会で成果の一端を報告し(「比較法研究」に要旨を公表予定)、高齢者問題を中心にして年金、医療、介護を支えるコミュニティサービスなどについて、変動の論理と概要をまとめた論考を脱稿した(97年6月刊行予定)。単位(職場)が丸がかえしていた社会保障機能をいかに社会化してゆくかが、この国の将来を強く規定するだけあって、慎重かつ弾力的に改革は進行している。基本的には国家の負担を最少限に抑え、個人や企業にその肩代わりを求めようとするもので、自助努力の強調が基調となっていることが判明した。
両領域ともいまだに変動のさなかにあり、中期的には今後もその動向を追跡することが求められている。法制度のコアをなす裁判制度の変革と、国有企業の生き残り(言い換えれば社会主義の生き残り)を賭けた社会保証制度の改革は、ともに中国社会の質を決定づけるカギとなる重要問題であり、今年度の研究で得られた成果をさらに発展させることが今後の課題となる。

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Grant amount：\9900000 （ Direct Cost: \9900000 ）

Basically, our planned purposes have been attained. First, we could successfully begin comparative studies of the legal culture of Japan and Korea from the view of economic law. The most important result is that we can share the comprehensive scheme to proceed our project from the view of economic law. Hitherto, we have studied, mainly about Japanese and Korean Fair Trade Commission and legal regulation by it, and we have found the importance of the difference of legal cultures between these two countries which give an another function to almost same letter of their laws. We think we need hereafter focus more on the studies of the relation between the functions of the lawsand the legal culture on which laws actually work.
This perspective will bring us some interesting comparative acquaintances about the economical behavior of men and corporations and the ways of control of the government over them.
On the side of regal philosophy, not only our planned purposes have been attained, but excellent results have been obtained. THE FIRST ASIA SYMPOSIUM IN JURISPRUDENCE was held in Tokyo and Kyoto in October 1997 under the title of "Law in a Changing World-Asian Alternatives-". This symposium was planed and organized by Prof.Hiromichi Imai, the base of the representative of our project, on the results of our project, and many members of our project took part in it as main speakers, commentators and translators. It shows that our project is valued highly both from the inside and outside of Japan.
Furthermore, The Second Asia Symposium is to be held in Seoul in 1998 and Prof.Yan Seung Doo, a member of our project, is going to plan and organize it. Of course, our project make its greatest efforts to its success through the future development of our studies.

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Grant amount：\5900000 （ Direct Cost: \5900000 ）

Basically, our purpose has been attained. We could successfully begin to study comparison on the legal culture of Japan and Korea, referring to the european one, from the view of legal philosophy and constitutional law. The most important result is that we can share the comprehensive scheme to proceed our project. In this short report, I shall focus on it. Hitherto, we have discussed this theme with the paradigm of a delay from the european legal model. However, we must reconsider it and present new paradigm, because both Japan and Korea is compeleted to choose between two alternatives in the economically remarkable development and success of non-european countries, especially east Asian. The first is to proceed to the further europeanization, the second is to regard our success as the result of our inherent culture and to dare to go toward the original goal. This task concems to the Confucianism-capitalism. We have regarded just protestantism and its secular ascetism as the origine of modern capitalism, while we have concluded that Confucianism had no ethos for capitalism. However a birth of capitalism in Japan and Korea compels us to examine on what to be, how to do, and what character of legal culture it has. The point to make clear is diffrence and relation between Europe with Christianity-mentality and east Asian with Confucianism-mentality in the respect of the notion of right (law) and social order. Moreover we must tackle these problems with a defferent paradigm from an old one, delay from Europe, taking into acount the fact that a part of Asian countries already could have caught up Eupopean countries. Next we should apply our basic result in each special subject. If we perform successfully, our project will acquire momentous significance for our age, in other sphere as well as jurisprudence.

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Grant amount：\800000 （ Direct Cost: \800000 ）

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Grant amount：\14300000 （ Direct Cost: \11000000 、 Indirect Cost：\3300000 ）

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