Updated on 2026/04/21

写真a

 
MASHINO AKO
 
Organization
Undergraduate School School of Information and Communication Senior Assistant Professor (non-tenured)
Title
Senior Assistant Professor (non-tenured)
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Research Interests

  • 場所論

  • 民族音楽学

  • インドネシア

  • 音楽と身体

  • イスラム

  • 伝統芸能

Research Areas

  • Humanities & social sciences / Aesthetics and art studies  / musicology(ethnomusicology)

Research History

  • Meiji University   School of Information and Communication   Senior Assistant Professor (non-tenured)

    2025.9

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Papers

  • Learning and Teaching as Personal and Social Experience: Modernization of Pedagogy in Balinese Performing Art

    MASHINO Ako

    Proceedings of the 7th Symposium of ICTM Study Group of Performing Arts in Southeast Asia.   104 - 109   2025.3

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    Authorship:Lead author   Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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  • コロナ下バリにおける音楽家の活動と経験―6人の音楽家のインタビューから Reviewed

    増野亜子

    桐朋学園大学研究紀要   50   95 - 107   2024.10

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    Authorship:Lead author   Language:Japanese   Publishing type:Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

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  • Performing Arts in Procession as a Contact Zone for Muslim and Hindu Balinese

    Ako MASHINO

    Kyoto Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies KIAS Bulletin   16   3 - 20   2023.3

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    Authorship:Lead author   Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    DOI: 10.14989/282867

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  • 場所から見たバリの伝統音楽教習―個人宅・集会所・学校 Reviewed

    増野亜子

    桐朋学園大学研究紀要   48   101 - 120   2022.10

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    Authorship:Lead author   Language:Japanese   Publishing type:Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

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  • Tangible and Intangible in Arja, a Balinese Musical Dance Theater : Crown, Body, and Stock Characters Reviewed

    Ako Mashino

    46 ( 2 )   277 - 309   2021.9

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    Authorship:Lead author   Language:Japanese   Publisher:National Museum of Ethnology  

    This article presents examination of the tangible and the intangible in the transmission process of arja, a traditional Balinese musical theater, particularly addressing the interaction of a performer's body and their gelungan(crown or headdress). Eleven stock characters that appear in every arja story prescribe the performers' physical characteristics and the gelungan design representing the characters' personality, gender, and social status. They appear as a tangible and material presence only through the temporary synthesis of performer and gelungan. By contrast, they exist only as intangible norms before and after the performance, when the combination is dissolved.The enduring physicality of gelungan and performers' bodies, and their interaction maintained even outside the performance through the practices of casting, rehearsal, offerings, and rituals, safeguard the stock characters' consistency, although their variety and malleability gradually recast normative models of the characters, thereby transforming the tradition over the long run.

    DOI: 10.15021/00009853

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    Other Link: http://hdl.handle.net/10502/00009853

  • Being Muslim-Balinese : The Music and Identity of the Sasak Community in Eastern Bali Reviewed

    Ako Mashino

    Senri Ethnological Studies = Senri Ethnological Studies   105 ( 105 )   81 - 97   2021.3

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    Authorship:Lead author   Language:English   Publisher:National Museum of Ethnology  

    DOI: 10.15021/00009765

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  • The Corporeality of Sound and Movement in Performance Reviewed

    Mashino Ako, Elina Seye

    The World of Music   9 ( 1 )   25 - 45   2021.2

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  • 書籍紹介、阿部万里江著、輪島裕介訳、『ちんどん屋の響き―音が生み出す空間と社会的つながり』

    増野亜子

    音楽学   70 ( 1 )   2024.9

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  • “The Body Visualizing the Music: Seeing and Showing Body Movement in Balinese Gender Wayang.” Reviewed

    Ako MASHINO

    The World of Music   9 ( 1 )   47 - 66   2021

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  • バリ島ササック系ムスリム集落におけるルバナ Reviewed

    増野 亜子

    桐朋音楽大学研究紀要   40   39 - 58   2014.10

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  • COMPETITION AS A NEW CONTEXT FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF BALINESE GENDER WAYANG Reviewed

    Mashino Ako

    YEARBOOK FOR TRADITIONAL MUSIC   41   111 - 137   2009

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    Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

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  • バリの歌舞劇アルジャにおける声のパフォーマンス Reviewed

    城島(増野)亜子

    お茶の水女子大学   2002.3

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    Language:Japanese   Publishing type:Doctoral thesis  

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Books

  • コロナ下での芸能実践 : 場とつながりのレジリエンス

    吉田, ゆか子, 増野, 亜子( Role: Joint editor第3章 芸能の場所を維持する―コロナ下日本におけるインドネシア芸能の活動)

    春風社  2025.3  ( ISBN:9784861109102

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    Total pages:352, viiip, 図版6p(ページ付なし)   Language:Japanese  

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  • Performing Arts and the Royal Courts of Southeast Asia, Volume 2, Pusaka as Performed Heritage

    Mayco A. Santaella, Supeena Insee Adler, Made Mantle Hood, A.M. Hermien Kusmayati, Ako Mashino, Mohamed Effendy Abdul Hamid, Sal Murgiyanto, Mayco A. Santaella, M.C.M. Santamaria, Henry Spiller, Sumarsam, R. Anderson Sutton, Ricardo D. Trimillos, Roger Vetter, Deborah Wong( Role: Joint authorChapter 3 "Performing Arts as a Cultural Bridge between Hindu Rulers and Muslim Communities in Bali.)

    Brill  2024.5  ( ISBN:9789004693159

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  • コンクール文化論 : 競技としての芸術・表現活動を問う

    宮入, 恭平, 増野, 亜子, 神保, 夏子, 小塩, さとみ, 吉光, 正絵, 上田, 泰史, 垣沼, 絢子, Coker, Caitlin, 今村, 宏之, 梶丸, 岳, 水上, えり子, 澤田, 聖也( Role: Joint editor第6章 発熱するコンクールーバリの伝統音楽グンデル・ワヤンの事例から)

    青弓社  2024.1  ( ISBN:9784787274618

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    Total pages:247p   Language:Japanese  

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  • 音楽の未明からの思考 : ミュージッキングを超えて

    野沢, 豊一, 川瀬, 慈( Role: Contributor「バリ島行列音楽考―音・身体・場所の経験」(pp.92-108))

    アルテスパブリッシング  2021.12  ( ISBN:9784865592474

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    Total pages:304, vip   Language:Japanese  

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  • Sounding the dance, moving the music : choreomusicology in maritime Southeast Asia

    Mohd. Anis, Md. Nor, Stepputat Kendra( Role: Contributor"The Body as Intersection: Interaction and Collaboration of Voice, Body and Music in Balinese Arja," pp. 96-107.)

    Routledge  2017  ( ISBN:9781472469236

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    Language:English  

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  • The fighting art of pencak silat and its music : from Southeast Asian village to global movement

    Pätzold Uwe, Grave Jean-Marc de( Role: Contributor”Dancing Soldiers: Rudat for Maulud Festivals in Muslim Balinese Villages.pp.290-316.)

    Brill  2016  ( ISBN:9789004308749

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    Language:English  

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  • 民族音楽学12の視点

    増野亜子( Role: Edit)

    2016 

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  • 声の世界を旅する

    増野亜子( Role: Sole author)

    音楽之友社  2014 

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  • Performing arts in postmodern Bali : changing interpretations, founding traditions

    Stepputat Kendra( Role: Contributor"Between Classic and Modern: The Aesthetic and Social Evolution of Balinese Arja from 1990s to the 2010s," pp. 187-223.)

    Shaker Verlag  2013  ( ISBN:9783844020106

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    Language:English  

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  • インドネシア芸能への招待―音楽・舞踊・演劇の世界

    増野亜子( Role: Contributor「バリ島の歌芝居アルジャ」、pp131-154)

    東京堂出版  2010.3 

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  • 音楽史事典

    日本音楽学会( Role: Contributor東南アジア音楽史概論)

    丸善出版  2025.12  ( ISBN:9784621311745

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    Total pages:xxii, 675p   Language:Japanese  

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  • フィールドノート古今東西

    椎野若菜, 丹羽朋子, 梶丸岳編( Role: Contributor「民族音楽学者のフィールドノートー言葉をあつめて演奏と研究をつなぐ」、pp34-49)

    古今書院  2016.5 

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  • 事典 世界音楽の本

    増野亜子( Role: Contributor「歌芝居」、pp94-98.)

    岩波書店  2007.12 

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MISC

  • たたかうことと踊ること

    増野 亜子, マシノ アコ, MASHINO Ako

    Field+ : フィールドプラス : 世界を感応する雑誌 / 東京外国語大学アジア・アフリカ言語文化研究所 [編]   ( 18 )   14 - 15   2017.7

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    Language:Japanese   Publisher:東京外国語大学アジア・アフリカ言語文化研究所  

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  • 冠が決めるもの

    増野 亜子

    日本文化人類学会研究大会発表要旨集   2017 ( 0 )   G16   2017

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    Language:Japanese   Publisher:日本文化人類学会  

    本発表はバリ島の歌舞劇アルジャarjaにおける身体・声・モノ、特に冠(グルンガンgelungan)の相互作用に着目する。冠はアルジャの登場人物の性質に呼応する身体を視覚的に規定する指標、役者の心身の変容を可能にする装置でもあり、役者の職能性を示す資源としても扱われる。そのマテリアリティは役者の身体と声に直接・間接に作用し、アルジャの伝承と実践を外側から枠づける効力を持つ。

    DOI: 10.14890/jasca.2017.0_G16

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  • 宗教的マイノリティの芸能実践と社会的関係性の構築:バリ島ムスリムの芸能民族誌にむけて

    増野 亜子

    日本文化人類学会研究大会発表要旨集   2016 ( 0 )   I03   2016

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    Publisher:日本文化人類学会  

    ヒンドゥー教徒が多数派を占めるバリ島において、ムスリムは宗教的マイノリティとして独自の芸能文化を展開している。本論では現地調査から、東部バリのムスリムの音楽と舞踊を概観し、こうした芸能の形態が周囲のヒンドゥー教徒文化やインドネシア他島の文化との相互作用から生み出され、そのことが彼らの文化的アイデンティティを構築し、バリ・ムスリムの集落をより広範な文化的ネットワークに接続していることを示す。

    DOI: 10.14890/jasca.2016.0_I03

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  • 書評 福岡まどか著『ジャワの芸能ワヤン : その物語世界』『インドネシア上演芸術の世界 : 伝統芸術からポピュラーカルチャーまで』

    増野 亜子

    東洋音楽研究 = Journal of the Society for Research in Asiatic Music   ( 81 )   183 - 187   2015

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    Language:Japanese   Publisher:東洋音楽学会 ; [1936]-  

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  • バリ島ググンタンガン演奏における間身体性の構築

    増野 亜子

    日本文化人類学会研究大会発表要旨集   2015 ( 0 )   D18   2015

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    Language:Japanese   Publisher:日本文化人類学会  

    インドネシア、バリ島のググンタンガン演奏において、音楽家の身体は音響の知覚と統合された独自の身体性を要求される。音楽家は共演する他者(他の演奏者や舞踊家)の身体との関係性の中で、他者の身体や音と連動し、相互作用し、共鳴する身体技法と感受性を要求される。本発表では歌芝居アルジャにおける役者(兼歌手、舞踊家)と音楽家の相互的な身体認識と相互作用がどのように構築されるかを論じる。

    DOI: 10.14890/jasca.2015.0_D18

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  • Rebana in Sasak-Balinese Muslim Communities of East Bali

    Mashino Ako

    Toho Gakuen School of Music faculty bulletin   40   39 - 58   2014

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    Language:Japanese   Publisher:Toho Gakuen School of Music  

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  • 視聴覚資料評 寺田吉孝監修『怒 大阪浪速の太鼓集団』(みんぱく映像民族誌 第8集)

    増野 亜子

    東洋音楽研究 = Journal of the Society for Research in Asiatic Music   ( 80 )   114 - 116   2014

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    Language:Japanese   Publisher:東洋音楽学会 ; [1936]-  

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  • 書評 井上さゆり著『ビルマ古典歌謡におけるジャンル形成』

    増野 亜子

    東洋音楽研究 = Journal of the Society for Research in Asiatic Music   ( 78 )   103 - 106   2012

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    Language:Japanese   Publisher:東洋音楽学会 ; [1936]-  

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  • The Pendet controvercy : around the ownership of Balinese traditional performing arts

    Mashino Ako

    Toho Gakuen School of Music faculty bulletin   36   89 - 103   2010

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    Language:Japanese   Publisher:桐朋学園大学  

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  • Body movements in musical performance of Balinese gamelan

    mashino ako

    Abstracts of the Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Cultural Anthropology   2009 ( 0 )   170 - 170   2009

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    本発表はバリ島の伝統的な器楽合奏ガムランのパフォーマンスにおいて、身体の動きがいかに生み出され、またどのように知覚されているかを論じる。演奏者のガムラン合奏に携わる演奏者の身体は(1a)必要な音響を生み出す(2a)奏者間の相互作用を可能にする(3a)音響を可視化して表現する、の三つの機能をもち、各機能は(1b)個人的な技能の習得過程、(2b)他の演奏者との合奏、(3b)競技会など観客のいる演奏という演奏文脈において、顕著になる。三つの機能は連動しながら、演奏者の身体をつくりあげているが、その際に演奏者個々の身体はつねに他者に同調し、同時に他者の同調を誘うものとして形成されると考えられる。

    DOI: 10.14890/jasca.2009.0.170.0

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  • Performance rules of sonic movement and their practical application in the Balinese gender wayang music : how to "find out" the sangsih part(A festschrift for Dr. TOKUMARU Yoshihiko on his seventieth birthday)

    MASHINO Ako

    Journal of the Musicological Society of Ochanomizu University   0   147 - 156   2006.12

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    Language:Japanese   Publisher:お茶の水女子大学  

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  • バリ島の歌舞劇アルジャにおけるパフォーマンス生成--類型性と多様性の考察

    増野 亜子

    音楽学   50 ( 2 )   32 - 43   2005.3

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    Language:Japanese   Publisher:日本音楽学会  

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  • Improvisation: Thoughts on models and practice in music-making

    MASHINO Ako, TANI Masato, KANEMITSU Mariko

    Toyo ongaku kenkyu : the journal of the Society for the Research of Asiatic Music   2005 ( 70 )   91 - 115   2005

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    Publisher:社団法人 東洋音楽学会  

    DOI: 10.11446/toyoongakukenkyu1936.2005.91

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  • Prescription and freedom in Balinese <i>mocapat</i> singing: A study of <i>pepeson</i> singing in <i>arja</i>

    MASHINO Ako

    Toyo ongaku kenkyu : the journal of the Society for the Research of Asiatic Music   2004 ( 69 )   35 - 50,L4   2004

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    Publisher:社団法人 東洋音楽学会  

    Balinese &lt;i&gt;mocapat&lt;/i&gt;, represents certain metrics, poems, and songs, displaying a rich variety in lyrics, melody and singing styles. Such variety is evident in the &amp;ldquo;freely&amp;rdquo; ornamented singing style as &lt;i&gt;pepeson&lt;/i&gt; in &lt;i&gt;arja&lt;/i&gt; performance. Here, the same lyric, same melody in fact is sung differently. However, even within the free style, certain aspects are prescribed for the singers, so that the song can be recognized to belong to &lt;i&gt;mocapat&lt;/i&gt; or a certain type of the melodies. I am able outline the nature of the &amp;ldquo;free&amp;rdquo; style. It can be characterized by the appearance of certain aspects such as, articulation, the fixed pitch of the final note of each line, and the place of ornamentation. Although the singer is &amp;ldquo;free&amp;rdquo;, these aspects provide the listener with a common thread among the varied styles of the song.&lt;br&gt;In addition to these rules, there are some other factors which provide similarity among the songs. These include the influence of &lt;i&gt;paca-pricing&lt;/i&gt; (the basic tones which consists of the &lt;i&gt;mocapat&lt;/i&gt; melodies), requirements of the context of singing, and the process of learning.&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mocapat&lt;/i&gt; songs are sung through the dynamic between these prescriptions and freedom. As a result, we may experience some similarity among the variations. The presence of such similarities is necessary to identify the piece as a &lt;i&gt;mocapat&lt;/i&gt;. However, the freedom results in a wide variety of the same melody and allows singers to show their own individuality and creativity.

    DOI: 10.11446/toyoongakukenkyu1936.2004.35

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  • アルジャにおける即興--規範の多元性および規範と「自由」について (特集 即興--音楽生成のモデルとその実践をめぐって)

    増野 亜子

    東洋音楽研究   ( 70 )   108 - 115   2004

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    Language:Japanese   Publisher:東洋音楽学会 ; 東京  

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  • バリの歌舞劇アルジャにおける上演能力の習得過程--個人と共同体の関係から

    増野 亜子

    人間文化論叢   6   31 - 40   2003

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    Language:Japanese   Publisher:お茶の水女子大学大学院人間文化研究科  

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  • バリ島の歌舞劇アルジャにおける笑い--パフォーマンスにみる冗談とことばあそび (民族藝術学の諸相)

    増野 亜子

    民族芸術   ( 16 )   114 - 119   2000

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    Language:Japanese   Publisher:民族芸術学会  

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  • A preliminary study of "professional" artists in Bali : the case of arja

    MASINO Ako

    Journal of the Musicological Society of Ochanomizu University   1   108 - 118   1999.4

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  • A study of changes in the style of <i>Gender Wayang</i> music of Sukawati village in Bali

    MASHINO Ako

    Toyo ongaku kenkyu : the journal of the Society for the Research of Asiatic Music   1999 ( 64 )   23 - 33,L3   1999

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    Publisher:社団法人 東洋音楽学会  

    &lt;i&gt;Gender Wayang&lt;/i&gt; is one of the oldest musical ensembles in Bali. It is played at the several kinds of ceremonies and accompanies the &lt;i&gt;wayang kulit&lt;/i&gt;, a traditional Balinese shadow puppet theater. It can be heard throughout Bali, and each village and each group has its own style. Sukawati is very famous as a village of &lt;i&gt;wayang kulit&lt;/i&gt;, having many &lt;i&gt;dalangs&lt;/i&gt;, puppeteers of &lt;i&gt;wayang kulit&lt;/i&gt;, and having a brilliant and distinguished style of &lt;i&gt;gender wayang&lt;/i&gt;. This study intends to find out what motivates the musical changes in style of Sukawati village, and is based .mainly upon information from my interviews of musicians during my fieldwork in 1996 and 1997.&lt;br&gt;It seems that &lt;i&gt;gender wayang&lt;/i&gt; style in Sukawati before the 1950s was not so different from that in neighboring villages. During 1950s and 1960s, some Sukawati &lt;i&gt;gender&lt;/i&gt; musicians and &lt;i&gt;dalang&lt;/i&gt; transformed and recreated old pieces of &lt;i&gt;gender wayang&lt;/i&gt; to be more modern, more complicated in style, and these changes are the basis of their present. That transformation aimed to create a style distinct from all other villages.&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Gamelan gong kebyar&lt;/i&gt; was a modern musical form developed in north Bali which spread throughout Bali in the 1920s. Sukawati&#039;s new style has reflected its influence in these ways: (1) sharpness of sound, (2) sense of running speed, fast in tempo, (3) dramatical expression, (4) virtuoso techniques. It is remarkable that Sukawati musicians regard the fast tempo as modern expression.&lt;br&gt;The new style of music combined with the new style of &lt;i&gt;wayang&lt;/i&gt; performance and made &lt;i&gt;wayang&lt;/i&gt; Sukawati very popular. Many other musicians had tried to follow, learn and imitate the new style directly or indirectly. Sukawati has become a center for &lt;i&gt;gender wayang&lt;/i&gt; from which new ideas and techniques spread. But Sukawati musicians have not been satisfied with it. They continue to try to reform their style so as to be more complicated and too difficult to imitate or play for other musicians so as to keep their difference and superiority in musical style. Sukawati musicians always have made efforts to find new ideas and devices and to push the technical limits of their skills.&lt;br&gt;Sukawati style has changed and also is still changing. It changes not only through the motivation to create better, more modern musical expression, but also through their strategies with which they maintain their highposition as the top performers of &lt;i&gt;gender wayang&lt;/i&gt;. These two purposes are fuse into one in the Sukawati musicians. It is their pride in their own music and techniques and their competitive spirit that grow and lead the fertility and prominence of their &lt;i&gt;gender wayang&lt;/i&gt; style.

    DOI: 10.11446/toyoongakukenkyu1936.1999.23

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  • バリの歌舞劇アルジャにおける従者キャラクターの考察

    増野 亜子

    人間文化論叢   ( 2 )   147 - 155   1999

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    Language:Japanese   Publisher:お茶の水女子大学大学院人間文化研究科  

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  • 村々をめぐる芸能--バリ島の歌舞劇アルジャの歴史における「グラワン」の意義の考察

    増野 亜子

    人間文化論叢   ( 1 )   57 - 64   1998

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    Language:Japanese   Publisher:お茶の水女子大学大学院人間文化研究科  

    CiNii Research

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Presentations

  • Hearing the place: Gamelan and other sounds as a part of socio-cultural spaces in Bali, Indonesia

    Ako MASHINO

    The 48th World Conference of International Council of Traditions of Music and Dance (ICTMD)  2025.1 

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    Language:English   Presentation type:Oral presentation (general)  

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  • Different brothers: Encountering Religious Others in Muslim-Balinese Performing arts

    Ako MASHINO

    Academic Meeting on the Arts of Living with Others in Socio-Cultural Diversity  2024.8 

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    Language:English   Presentation type:Oral presentation (general)  

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  • Learning and Teaching as Personal and Social Experience: Modernization of Pedagogy in Balinese Performing Arts

    Ako MASHINO

    The 7th Symposium of Study Group of Performing Arts in Southeast Asia, International Council of Traditions of Music and Dance(ICTMD)  2024.6 

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    Language:English   Presentation type:Oral presentation (general)  

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Research Projects

  • 「場所」から見るインドネシア伝統芸能ー人・音・環境の相互作用論

    Grant number:23K00135  2023.4 - 2026.3

    日本学術振興会  科学研究費助成事業  基盤研究(C)

    増野 亜子

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    Grant amount:\4550000 ( Direct Cost: \3500000 、 Indirect Cost:\1050000 )

    初年度は1か月の現地調査(インドネシア、バリ島)と文献調査を実施し、研究成果として共編著書1点、国際学会での論文発表1本を発表した。
    2024年3月にインドネシアバリ島ギャニアール県、タバナン県、カランガスム県及びデンパサール市において(1)寺院、個人宅、大学における伝統芸能の上演及び稽古の観察と記録、(2)伝統音楽家、声楽家、舞踊家へのインタビュー、(3)伝統楽器クンダン(太鼓)とグンデル・ワヤン(鍵盤楽器)の演奏技能の習得を行い、複数の性質の異なる空間での演奏事例を観察・調査した。その場の一部として演奏や練習に参加したり、あるいは観察や記録を行う自分の身体と、芸能者を中心とする他の人々の相互作用の諸相を、実践を通して体験し、場所の属性が音によってどのように経験されるかを考察し、将来の論考の調査資料とした。
    文献調査では今年度は特にサウンド・スタディーズの先行研究を主に精読し、民族誌的な調査とサウンド・スタディーズの視点をリンクする方法論や理論的枠組みについて継続的に考察した。その一部は、先行研究の書籍紹介という形で今年度中の公表を予定している。
    また研究成果として共編著『コンクール文化論―競技としての芸術・表現活動を問う』を出版した。本書は一般読者を対象に「音楽を競う」行為と競うための場の成立について複数の事例から考察するもので、担当章ではバリ島の伝統音楽競技会をとりあげ、「競う」という目的に特化した「場」の成立が、音楽実践や演奏のありかたに与えた長期的な作用作用を論じた。またスルタン・イドリス教育大学主催の第五回国際音楽芸能会議では、バリの伝統音楽グンデル・ワヤンの教育と継承が行われる現代的な空間「サンガル」をとりあげ、指導者の自宅という空間の社会的・物理的属性と、そこでの教育実践の関係性を論じた。この他に2024年度に発表予定の論文3本の執筆を行った。

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  • Cultural Representation of a Religious Minority: An Ethnography of Muslim Performing Arts in Bali, Indonesia

    Grant number:15K02098  2015.4 - 2018.3

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research  Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)

    Shiroshima (Mashino) Ako

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    Grant amount:\4810000 ( Direct Cost: \3700000 、 Indirect Cost:\1110000 )

    This research shed light on the traditional culture of the Muslim Balinese, a religious minority on an island where Hindus are in the majority, focusing on their performing arts which have largely been disregarded in earlier studies.
    Four points emerged: (1) Several Balinese Muslim communities have maintained their own traditional art forms, as well as more modernized forms; (2) Each local community has established its own performing style, reflecting its geographic and historical background; (3) The performing arts have contributed significantly to establishing and maintaining the social relationship between the religious minority and the majority; (4) The culture of Muslim Balinese is a part of the broader Muslim cultural network and connects them with other Muslim communities spread beyond the island through cultural continuity and similarity.

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